Co-Evolution

• What is co-evolution?


  Co-evolution is the process by which two or more species evolve in response to selection pressures imposed by each other.
• How does a change in the traits of one species affect another species in co-evolution?


  A change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on the other species.
• What are symbiotic interactions?


  • Co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species.
  • Impacts can be positive (+), negative (-), or neutral (0).
• What are examples of strong ecological interactions in co-evolution?


  • Herbivores and plants
  • Pollinators and plants
  • Predators and prey
  • Parasites and hosts
• What adaptations have plants evolved to avoid being eaten by herbivores?


  Plants have evolved physical and chemical defences to avoid being eaten.
• What type of teeth have herbivores evolved for feeding on plants?


  Herbivores have evolved specially adapted teeth for breaking down plant material.
• What are some physical adaptations of herbivores?


  Herbivorous mammals have large molars for crushing and grinding, while seed-eating birds have specially adapted beaks.
• How do plants produce chemical defences against herbivores?


  Plants produce deadly internal chemicals and toxins or external thorns and stings.