C6.2

• What is the purpose of recognizing functional groups in organic chemistry?


  To identify members of the same homologous series
• What are the first four prefixes used in organic compound naming?

  • Meth- (1 carbon)
  • Eth- (2 carbons)
  • Prop- (3 carbons)
  • But- (4 carbons)
• What prefix is used for a compound with 1 carbon?

  Meth-
• What prefix is used for a compound with 2 carbons?

  Eth-
• What prefix is used for a compound with 3 carbons?

  Prop-
• What prefix is used for a compound with 4 carbons?

  But-
• What does the suffix of a compound indicate in organic chemistry?


  • Refers to the functional group
  • Examples:
  • Alkanes: -ane
  • Alkenes: -ene
  • Alcohols: -ol
  • Carboxylic acids: -anoic acid
• What suffix is used for alkanes?

  • ane
• What suffix is used for alkenes?

  • ene
• What suffix is used for alcohols?

  • ol
• What suffix is used for carboxylic acids?

  • anoic acid
• What are the first four members of the straight chain alkanes?

  1. Methane (CH₄)
  2. Ethane (C₂H₆)
  3. Propane (C₃H₈)
  4. Butane (C₄H₁₀)
• What are the first four members of the straight chain alkenes?


  1. Ethene (C₂H₄)
  2. Propene (C₃H₆)
  3. Butene (C₄H₈)
  4. Pentene (C₅H₁₀)
• What are the first four members of the straight chain alcohols?

  1. Methanol (CH₃OH)
  2. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
  3. Propanol (C₃H₇OH)
  4. Butanol (C₄H₉OH)
• What are the first four members of the straight chain carboxylic acids?

  1. Methanoic acid (HCOOH)
  2. Ethanoic acid (C₂H₄O₂)
  3. Propanoic acid (C₃H₆O₂)
  4. Butanoic acid (C₄H₈O₂)
• What is produced when alkanes combust with oxygen?


  Carbon dioxide and water
• What color change occurs when alkenes react with bromine?


  From orange to colourless
• Why can the addition of bromine be used as a test for C=C double bonds?


  Because alkenes react with bromine while alkanes do not
• What is the result of the oxidation of alcohols using potassium manganate(VII)?


  It converts alcohols to carboxylic acids
• What are the basic principles of addition polymerisation?


  • Involves removal of a C=C double bond from an alkene
  • Produces a polymer
  • Repeat unit is the monomer without the C=C double bond
• What is formed during addition polymerisation?


  A long saturated molecule
• What is produced as a by-product in condensation polymerisation?


  A small molecule, such as water
• What are the reactants in condensation polymerisation to form a polyester?


  • Diol (with 2 alcohol functional groups)
  • Dicarboxylic acid (with 2 carboxylic acid functional groups)
• What happens when a diol reacts with a dicarboxylic acid?


  They form a polyester and release water
• What functional groups react to form condensation polymers?


  • Alcohol + Carboxylic acid → Polyester
  • Amine + Carboxylic acid → Polyamide
  • Amino acid → Protein
• How do you find a repeat unit in a polymer?


  Look for a chunk that involves each functional group only once
• How are polymers represented in diagrams?


  • Use block diagrams
  • Multiple squares attached, each representing a repeat unit
• What is DNA made from?


  A polymer made from four different monomers called nucleotides
• What are the four nucleotides in DNA?


  Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T)
• What determines the reactions of organic compounds?


  The generality of reactions of functional groups
• How is crude oil separated by fractional distillation?


  • The oil is heated in the fractionating column
  • The oil evaporates and condenses at different temperatures
• What happens to crude oil during fractional distillation?


  It evaporates and condenses at different temperatures
• What is the process to find the repeat unit of an alkene monomer?


  Remove C=C and repeat this a few times, then put brackets around the molecule with a small n outside.
• How can you reverse the process to find the monomer from a polymer?


  By reversing the steps used to create the polymer.
• What is DNA made from?


  • A polymer made from four different monomers called nucleotides
  • Other important naturally-occurring polymers are based on sugars and amino acids
• What are the four nucleotides in DNA?

  • Adenine (A)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Thymine (T)
• What determines the reactions of organic compounds?


  The generality of reactions of functional groups.
• How is crude oil separated by fractional distillation?


  • The oil is heated in the fractionating column.
  • The oil evaporates and condenses at different temperatures.
  • Hydrocarbons are separated into fractions with similar carbon atom numbers.
• What happens to the vaporized oil in the fractionating column?


  The vaporized oil rises up the column and various fractions are tapped off at different levels.
• What can the fractions obtained from crude oil be processed to produce?


  Fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry.