education (paper one)

• What does meritocracy mean?

  People's status and wealth is based on their hard work and ability
• What is the myth of meritocracy according to Marxists?

  They believe that meritocracy does not exist
• What is ascribed status?

  People's future social role is determined at birth
• How does role allocation function in education?

  It links hard work to higher pay and qualifications
• What does reproduction of class inequalities refer to?

  Children of middle-class parents often achieve middle-class jobs
• What is achieved status?

  A role someone has worked to achieve rather than being born into
• What did Parsons suggest about education?

  Education teaches pupils the particularistic values of their culture
• What did Durkheim suggest about education?

  Education helps promote social solidarity
• What is one function of education according to functionalists?

  Education prepares pupils by teaching them specialist skills
• What is the difference between the formal curriculum and the hidden curriculum?

  The formal curriculum is what is explicitly taught, while the hidden curriculum conveys implicit messages
• What do functionalists believe about the education system?

  They believe it is meritocratic
• What are three ways that schools prepare students for adult life or work?

  • Developing organizational and time management skills
  • Enhancing communication skills (written and verbal)
  • Teaching problem-solving and teamwork
• What are three ways that schools help students achieve status?

  • Making students earn their positions (e.g., sports teams)
  • Reinforcing the importance of social skills
  • Judging students based on hard work and achievement
• What are the material factors affecting attainment?

  • Poor housing conditions
  • Part-time jobs limiting study time
  • Poor diet affecting concentration
  • Lack of access to ICT and resources
• What are the cultural factors affecting attainment?

  • Parents' level of education
  • Lower cultural capital
  • Parental interest and encouragement
  • Speech code proficiency
• What is correspondence theory?

  • Schools motivate by external rewards
  • Schools produce subservient workforces
  • Acceptance of hierarchy and authority
• What are general Marxist ideas about education?

  • Schools kill creativity
  • Schools are not meritocratic
  • Class reproduction
  • Middle-class culture is seen as superior
• What hidden messages do girls receive within school that reinforce patriarchal ideas?

  Positions of power are often held by men
• How do boys dominate spaces within school?

  Boys attract more attention and are noisier than girls
• Who predominantly occupies support roles in schools?

  Women
• What subject is overwhelmingly female in schools?

  Health and Social Care
• How are girls treated differently than boys regarding behavior in schools?

  Girls are often told off for boisterous behavior that boys might get away with
• In what areas do boys dominate within schools?

  Classrooms and playing areas
• Why do boys attract more teacher interaction in classrooms?

  Because they tend to be noisier than girls
• What behavior do boys sometimes exhibit towards girls in classroom settings?

  Boys may shout down girls when they give answers
• At what level do girls outperform boys in education?

  Every level of education
• What traits do girls often exhibit that contribute to their academic success?

  Girls are often more ambitious and motivated
• How do societal expectations differ for girls and boys regarding homework quality?

  Girls face higher expectations and may be asked to redo poor-quality homework
• What is a characteristic of male anti-school subcultures?

  They disrupt lessons and do not value school
• How do boys typically perceive their academic abilities?

  Boys tend to be overconfident in their abilities
• What is the term for having knowledge of the dominant middle-class culture?

  Cultural capital
• What does material deprivation refer to?

  Not having the economic foundations to achieve success
• What did Stephen Bull find regarding setting and streaming in schools?

  It is often related to social class rather than ability
• What theory discusses the link between in-school processes and the workplace?

  Correspondence theory
• Which study focuses on anti-school subcultures?

  Learning to Labor by Paul Willis
• Who wrote about moral education in relation to socialization?

  Durkheim
• What did Ball and Gertwitz find regarding marketization processes in schools?

  They led schools to focus on more able children
• What are the four main functions of education according to Durkheim?

  Socialization, promoting social cohesion, developing belonging, and preparing for adult life
• How do schools correspond to work according to Bows and Gintis?

  They create obedient workforces and encourage acceptance of hierarchy
• Why do some boys develop counter-school cultures according to Willis?

  They believe they don't need qualifications for manual jobs