crime and deviance (paper two)

• What does the chivalry thesis suggest about women and authority?

  Women are treated more favorably by the police and authority figures
• What is corporate crime?

  Crime committed by big business
• What does strain theory propose?

  Pressure to succeed makes people turn to crime
• What is differential enforcement?

  The view that the police and courts do not implement laws fairly
• What is status frustration?

  When people who lack status develop their own norms and values
• What does the demonization of women refer to?

  Women are treated more harshly by the media for certain crimes
• What is the meaning of the term 'anomie'?

  A state where there are no norms guiding behavior
• What did Durkheim claim about crime in society?

  Crime is inevitable and part of a healthy society
• What does Charles Murray blame for crime in society?

  Absent fathers
• What do Marxists believe drives consumerism?

  Messages from advertising giants
• Why do feminists believe women may commit crimes?

  Because they are more likely to be in poverty than men
• What do interactionists believe about labels and deviant behavior?

  Labels are relevant to deviant behavior
• What do Marxists believe about police severity towards corporate crime?

  Police are less severe on corporate or white-collar crime
• What do feminists believe about the reporting of crime against women?

  Crime against women is underreported
• What are the four functionalist arguments about the need for crime in society?

  • Acts of punishment deter potential criminals
  • Strengthens collective sentiment
  • Seeing justice being done is good for society
  • Reminds us how wrong committing a crime is
• What are the four feminist arguments for why women commit crime?

  • Response to domestic abuse
  • More likely to be living in poverty
  • Drawn into crimes controlled by men
  • More likely to have lower earnings
• What connects the four boxes: social control protects the wealth of the rich, response to consumerism, working classes are punished more, and the media tends to ignore corporate crime?

  They are Marxist arguments about crime
• What are the five responses to strain identified by Merton?

  • Conformity
  • Innovation
  • Retreatism
  • Ritualism
  • Rebellion
• What are the responses to strain according to Merton?

  • Conformity: pursuing cultural goals through socially approved means
  • Ritualism: using socially approved means to achieve modest goals
  • Retreatism: rejecting both cultural goals and means
  • Innovation: using unconventional means to obtain cultural goals
  • Rebellion: rejecting cultural goals and means to replace them
• What are the five stages of Howard Becker's labeling theory?

  • Negative label
  • Self-concept
  • Label reinforced
  • Master status
  • Deviant career
• What is the correct order of the stages in Howard Becker's labeling theory?

  1. Negative label
  2. Self-concept
  3. Label reinforced
  4. Master status
  5. Deviant career
• What are Albert Cohen's ideas about delinquent subcultures?

  • Delinquent subcultures arise as a response to status frustration
  • They provide alternative values and norms
  • They often reject mainstream societal values
• What is self-concept?

  How we see ourselves
• What happens when we accept a deviant label?

  We start to behave according to that label
• How might a drug addict behave due to their label?

  They may steal to finance their habit
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in this context?

  When a label leads to behaviors that confirm the label
• What is a master status?

  The main way we think of and label ourselves
• How does master status affect our lives?

  It influences how we live our lives
• What might happen to someone with a deviant career?

  They may find it hard to get a job
• What is the impact of being a convicted criminal on relationships?

  They may struggle to maintain relationships
• Who proposed the idea of delinquent subcultures?

  Albert Cohen
• What do working-class boys feel in a middle-class dominated school system?

  They feel out of place
• What is cultural deprivation?

  Lack of cultural resources and skills
• What do working-class boys suffer from due to their status?

  They suffer from status frustration
• How do these boys resolve their frustration?

  By rejecting mainstream middle-class values
• What do these boys form or join?

  A delinquent subculture
• What is the hypodermic syringe model?

  A model suggesting the audience is directly influenced by media messages
• What phrase did Stan Cohen coin?

  Moral panic
• What is deviancy amplification?

  When media reinforces moral panic through sensational reporting
• What does the term folk devils refer to?

  A group scapegoated for society's problems