Biology B1

• What is osmosis?


  Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane.
• What direction does water move during osmosis?


  Water moves from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
• What type of membrane is involved in osmosis?


  A partially permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.
• What are examples of eukaryotic cells?


  Animal and plant cells
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?


  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Enclosed genetic information
• What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?


  It encloses genetic information
• How do prokaryotes compare in size to eukaryotic cells?


  Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotic cells
• What cellular components do prokaryotes possess?

  Prokaryotes have cytoplasm, cell membrane, and genetic material
• How is the genetic material of prokaryotes organized?


  The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus and is found as loops or rings
• What form does the DNA take in prokaryotic cells?


  DNA is found as loops or rings of genetic material
• What happens to the cytoplasm of a cell when it makes water in a chemical reaction?


  The cytoplasm becomes more diluted
• What is the effect on the outside of the cell when the cytoplasm becomes more diluted?


  The outside of the cell becomes hypertonic
• What direction does water move when the outside of the cell is hypertonic?


  Water moves out of the cell
• What is the term used to describe a solution with a lower concentration of solute compared to the inside of a cell?

  Hypotonic
• What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?


  Cells swell as water enters due to lower solute concentration outside.
• How does the concentration of particles in a hypotonic solution compare to that inside a cell?


  The concentration of particles is less outside the cell than inside.
• What is the direction of particle movement in active transport?


  From an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
• What does it mean for particles to move against a concentration gradient?


  It means particles are moving from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
• What is a partially permeable membrane?


  A membrane that allows only certain molecules to pass through
• What does it mean when we say a membrane is partially permeable?


  It means that not all types of molecules can pass through
• Which type of molecules are specifically mentioned as being able to pass across a partially permeable membrane?


  Water molecules
• What is active transport?


  • Movement of particles from low to high concentration
  • Requires energy to move against a concentration gradient
• How does a partially permeable membrane differ from a fully permeable membrane?


  A partially permeable membrane only allows some molecules to pass, while a fully permeable membrane allows all molecules to pass
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Cellulose
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?


  It supports the cell and strengthens it
• What does the permanent vacuole in plant cells contain?


  Cell sap
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?


  In chloroplasts
• What is the purpose of photosynthesis in plants?


  It makes food for the plant
• What are the subcellular structures found in bacterial cells?


  Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, single loop of DNA, plasmids
• What is the structure of bacterial DNA?


  It is a single loop of DNA
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?


  Small rings of DNA
• How can you estimate the area of a subcellular structure?


  • Treat it like a regular shape
  • Use the appropriate formula for that shape
• What is one of the subcellular structures found in bacterial cells?


  Cell wall
• What is another subcellular structure present in bacterial cells?


  Cell membrane
• What is the third subcellular structure found in bacterial cells?

  Cytoplasm
• What type of DNA do bacterial cells have?


  A single loop of DNA
• Why do bacteria not have a 'true' nucleus?


  Because their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane-bound structure
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?


  Small rings of extra DNA
• How do plasmids differ from the main DNA in bacterial cells?


  Plasmids are smaller and exist as independent rings of DNA
• What are the main subcellular structures found in bacterial cells?


  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • A single loop of DNA
  • Plasmids (small rings of extra DNA)