AP European History

• What was the timeframe of the Age of Discovery?


  Roughly from the 1400s to the 1600s
• Which European powers were the main players during the Age of Discovery?

  Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands
• What were the results of the Age of Discovery?


  Establishment of new trade routes, colonization, and beginnings of globalization
• What were the key motivations for exploration during the Age of Discovery?


  Economic interests, religious zeal, political ambitions, and scientific curiosity
• What was one of the economic interests driving exploration?

  Search for new trade routes
• What was a religious motivation for exploration?

  Spread of Christianity
• Who was Christopher Columbus and what did he do?


  Italian explorer who made four voyages across the Atlantic and reached the Americas in 1492
• Who was Vasco da Gama and what was his achievement?


  Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by sea
• What role did technological advancements play in exploration?


  They enabled long-distance sea voyages and improved navigation
• What is an astrolabe used for?


  Determining latitude by measuring the height of celestial bodies
• What is the Columbian Exchange?


  The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and technology between the Old and New Worlds
• What is a caravel?


  A new type of ship that was faster and more maneuverable
• How did the Age of Discovery impact global trade?


  It established new trade routes and increased global interactions
• How did the Age of Discovery affect indigenous populations?


  It led to exploitation, cultural suppression, and population decline
• How did improvements in cartography impact exploration?


  They allowed for more accurate navigation and documentation of new lands
• What is mercantilism?


  An economic theory focused on increasing exports and collecting precious metals
• What demographic changes occurred due to the Age of Discovery?


  Population decline in indigenous communities due to disease and conflict
• What were some negative impacts of colonization during the Age of Discovery?


  Exploitation of resources and people in colonized areas
• What was the primary aim of the Reformation?


  To reform the Roman Catholic Church
• What did the Reformation lead to in terms of church structure?


  It led to the establishment of Protestant churches that broke away from Catholic authority
• What key concept did the Reformation emphasize regarding the Bible?


  It emphasized individual interpretation of the Bible
• When did the Reformation begin?


  In the early 16th century
• How did the Reformation challenge the authority of the Catholic Church?


  It questioned the Pope's authority and the church hierarchy
• What cultural impact did the Reformation have?


  It led to the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages
• What political consequences arose from the Reformation?


  It led to conflicts between Catholic and Protestant states
• What were some of the Protestant denominations that emerged from the Reformation?

  Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism
• Where did the Reformation begin geographically?


  In Germany
• Who invented the printing press and when?

  Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
• What cultural changes occurred due to the spread of Protestant ideas?


  Development of vernacular literature and a shift in art themes
• What was the primary aim of the Reformation?


  To reform the Roman Catholic Church
• What significant event marked the beginning of the Reformation?

  The posting of Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517
• What concept did the Reformation emphasize regarding the Bible?


  Individual interpretation of the Bible
• What does "sola fide" mean in the context of the Reformation?


  Salvation through faith alone
• What were the 95 Theses primarily criticizing?


  The Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences
• Who was the central figure of the Protestant Reformation?

  Martin Luther
• What is Protestantism?


  Protestantism is a major branch of Christianity that originated in the 16th century during the Protestant Reformation.
• What was the initial goal of the Protestant movement?


  The initial goal was to reform practices within the Catholic Church.
• Who is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation?

  Martin Luther is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation.
• What did Martin Luther's 95 Theses aim to address?

  They aimed to address perceived corruption in the Catholic Church.
• What does Protestantism emphasize regarding the Bible?


  Protestantism emphasizes individual interpretation of the Bible.