Outcome 1

• What does the binary numbering system consist of?


  1s and 0s, called bits
• What does the decimal numbering system consist of?


  Digits 0 through 9
• What does the Physical Layer transport across the network media?


  Bits
• How do hosts, servers, and network equipment identify each other?


  Using binary addressing
• How is each binary address structured?


  It is made up of a string of 32 bits divided into four sections called octets
• What is the last step in the encapsulation process?


  The Physical Layer encoding the frame
• What happens to the bits after they are transmitted to the local media?


  The next device receives the bits and re-encapsulates the frame
• What is dotted decimal notation?


  It is a conversion of binary notation for ease of use by people
• What are the three functional areas addressed by Physical Layer Standards?


  • Physical Components
  • Encoding
  • Signaling
• What is positional notation in number systems?


  • A digit represents different values based on its position in the sequence
  • Used in both decimal and binary systems
• What is the radix of the decimal system?


  10
• What are the hardware devices that transmit signals representing bits called?


  Physical Components
• What is the positional value of the digit in the thousands place in decimal?


  1000
• What does encoding do in the Physical Layer?


  It converts the stream of bits into a recognizable format
• How is the decimal number 1234 calculated using positional notation?


  1 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 4 x 1
• What does the binary positional notation system consist of?


  It consists of 1s and 0s, with each position representing a power of 2
• Name one example of an encoding method.

  Manchester
• What is the positional value of the binary digit in the 7th position?


  128
• How are the bit values represented on the physical medium?


  Through signaling methods
• What are the three types of signaling methods based on the medium used?

  • Electrical Signals Over Copper Cable
  • Light Pulses Over Fiber-Optic Cable
  • Microwave Signals Over Wireless
• What is bandwidth in the context of the Physical Layer?


  The capacity at which a medium can carry data
• How is digital bandwidth measured?


  By the amount of data that can flow in a given time
• What is the first step in converting a dotted decimal IPv4 address to binary?


  Start in the 128 position (the most significant bit)
• What is the fundamental unit of bandwidth?


  Bits per second (bps)
• What does Kbps stand for?


  Kilobits per second
• How many bits are in an IPv6 address?


  128 bits
• What is hexadecimal used to represent?


  IPv6 addresses and MAC addresses
• What is the equivalence of 1 Mbps?


  1,000,000 bps
• How many hexadecimal digits are there in an IPv6 address?


  32 hexadecimal values
• What does Tbps stand for?


  Terabits per second
• What are the definitions of latency, throughput, and goodput?


  • Latency: Time for data to travel from one point to another
  • Throughput: Measure of bits transferred over time
  • Goodput: Usable data transferred = Throughput - traffic overhead
• What is the hexadecimal representation of the decimal number 168?


  A8
• What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal number D2?


  210
• What is the most common type of cabling used in networks today?

  Copper cabling
• What are the advantages of copper cabling?


  It is inexpensive, easy to install, and has low resistance
• What is attenuation in the context of copper cabling?


  The weakening of electrical signals over long distances
• What are the two sources of interference that can affect copper cabling?

  Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
• How can attenuation be mitigated in copper cabling?


  By adhering to cable length limits
• What is one method to mitigate EMI and RFI in copper cabling?


  Using metallic shielding and grounding
• How does twisting opposing circuit pair wires help in copper cabling?


  It mitigates crosstalk