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• What is the definition of personality?


  Enduring traits and patterns that drive individuals to think, feel, and behave consistently.
• How does personality contribute to individual uniqueness?


  It creates a unique pattern of behavior and interaction with others and the world.
• What does the etymology of the term "personality" signify?


  It comes from the Latin term "persona," meaning a mask used to represent traits in theater.
• Who proposed the theory linking personality traits to four temperaments?

  Hippocrates.
• What are the four temperaments proposed by Hippocrates?


  • Choleric: yellow bile, liver
  • Melancholic: black bile, kidneys
  • Sanguine: blood, heart
  • Phlegmatic: phlegm, lungs
• Who expanded on Hippocrates' theory of temperaments?

  Galen.
• What are the four temperaments according to Galen?


  • Choleric: passionate, ambitious, bold
  • Melancholic: reserved, anxious, unhappy
  • Sanguine: joyful, eager, optimistic
  • Phlegmatic: calm, reliable, thoughtful
• What theory did Franz Gall develop?


  Phrenology.
• What did Gall claim about skull bumps?


  Distances between skull bumps could reveal personality traits and mental abilities.
• Why was phrenology discredited?


  It lacked empirical support and was considered pseudoscience.
• Who agreed with Galen's four temperaments in the 18th century?

  Immanuel Kant.
• What did Wilhelm Wundt propose regarding temperament?


  • Emotional/Nonemotional axis: distinguishes strong from weak emotions.
  • Changeable/Unchangeable axis: differentiates flexible from rigid temperaments.
• What does the Emotionality axis measure?


  It measures the intensity and quality of an individual’s emotional responses.
• What does the Changeability axis assess?


  It assesses how quickly a person’s mood can change.
• Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

  Sigmund Freud.
• What did Freud argue shapes personality?


  Unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, and childhood sexuality.
• What were the dominant personality theories during the first half of the 20th century?

  Freud's psychodynamic theory.
• What is the definition of personality?


  Enduring traits and patterns that drive individuals to think, feel, and behave consistently.
• How does personality contribute to individual uniqueness?


  It creates a unique pattern of behavior and interaction with others and the world.
• What does the etymology of the word "personality" signify?


  It comes from the Latin term "persona," meaning a mask used to represent traits.
• Who proposed the theory linking personality traits to four temperaments?

  Hippocrates.
• What are the four temperaments proposed by Hippocrates?


  • Choleric: yellow bile, liver
  • Melancholic: black bile, kidneys
  • Sanguine: blood, heart
  • Phlegmatic: phlegm, lungs
• Who expanded on Hippocrates' theory of temperaments?

  Galen.
• What are the four temperaments according to Galen?


  • Choleric: passionate, ambitious, bold
  • Melancholic: reserved, anxious, unhappy
  • Sanguine: joyful, eager, optimistic
  • Phlegmatic: calm, reliable, thoughtful
• What theory did Franz Gall develop?


  Phrenology.
• What did Gall claim about skull bumps?


  Distances between skull bumps could reveal personality traits and mental abilities.
• What did Immanuel Kant agree with regarding temperaments?


  He agreed with Galen's four temperaments.
• What axes did Wilhelm Wundt suggest for categorizing temperaments?


  • Emotional/Nonemotional: strong vs. weak emotions
  • Changeable/Unchangeable: flexibility vs. rigidity
• What does the Emotionality axis measure?


  It measures the intensity and quality of an individual’s emotional responses.
• What does the Changeability axis assess?


  It assesses how quickly a person’s mood can change.
• Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

  Sigmund Freud.
• What did Freud argue shapes personality?


  Unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression, and childhood sexuality.
• What did Neo-Freudians agree on regarding childhood experiences?


  They agreed that childhood experiences are important.
• What are the later perspectives that emerged after Freud's theory?


  • Learning perspective
  • Humanistic perspective
  • Biological perspective
  • Evolutionary perspective
  • Trait perspective
  • Cultural perspective
• What was Freud's profession?


  Medical doctor.
• What was the significance of Anna O. in Freud's work?


  Her case influenced Freud's theories on hysteria and childhood trauma.
• What did Freud propose about the causes of hysteria?


  It resulted from childhood sexual abuse and repressed traumatic experiences.
• What metaphor did Freud use to describe the mind?


  He compared the mind to an iceberg.
• What are the three systems of the mind according to Freud?


  • Id: basic biological drives and desires
  • Ego: mediates between the id and reality
  • Superego: internalized societal norms and moral values
• What is the role of the ego in Freud's theory?


  The ego mediates between the id's desires and the superego's moral constraints.