China- causes

• May 4th 1919 - May 4th Movement

  • Initiated by Duan Qurui(warlord) making secret agreement with Japanese gov
  • German territory in Shangdong peninsula to be given to Japan exchange got 145 million yen to ordernise/improve army
  • China sent 100,000 soldiers to assist Allies in WW1
  • Expected compensation: China gain land back controlled by Germany, remove 21 demands from Japan
  • Japan allowed keep access Chinese Land, unequal treaties still in place
• May 4th 1919 - May 4th Movement

  • Students Beijing Uni/12 other schools & uni’s protested in Tiananmen square
  • denouncing warlord gov/ Japanese imperialists
  • 3000 students attended protest 
  • Police arrested leaders/separated on protestors
  • 100,000 industrial workers joined (support students/get better working conditions)
  • Became national moment 
  • Japanese goods were not bought out of spite of taking their land
  • Government released student prisoners
  • Told chinese delegates not to sign treaty
• July 1921 - Founding of CCP (Chinese Communist Party)

  • Li Dazhao made marxist study groups 1921
  • Russian Comintern (March 1919) made advance/spread communism
  • Grigori Voitinsky sent to China, make CCP
  • Worked with Li Dazhao/ Chen Duxiu  
• 23rd July 1912 - First National Party Congress meeting

  • 57 members (12 delegates)
  • Chen Duxiu: Traditional marxists/ orthodox (conservative)
  • Believed proletariats (workers) be revolutionary class
  • Li Dazhao: Unorthodox (revolutionary, radical)
  • Believed peasants would be revolutionary class 
  • Comintern wanted orthodox view
  • Funding CCP (power)
• CCP

  • End 1922: 300 members, weak/ ineffective
  • Comintern thought too weak to progress
  • Suggest join with Guomindang (GMD), support change of China
  • GMD want nationalism to democracy
  • CCP want communism (opposing views)
  • Comintern had too much power for CCP resist
• GMD ( Guomindang )

  • wanted unify China, become republic
  • majority seats National Assembly
  • Song Jiaoren president (Sun Yixian exiled)
• First United Front - 1924

  • called for support from Japan (denied), went Russia
  • 1922: Comintern sugguest GMD and CCP unite
  • Comintern knew nationalist revolution before socialist one
  • Sun agreed more money/support for party
• 26 January 1923 - Sun-Joffe Declaration

  • manifesto signed ( official unification )
  • GMD now accepted Communists, received Russian aid
  • GMD want strong military to suppress warlords
  • June 1924 : Huangpu Military Academy opened in Guangzhou
  • 1925 : enough graduates create army
  • army led Jiang Jieshi
  • Communists propaganda, nationalists infantry
• 11 March 1925 - Death Sun Yat-Sen

  • death left GMD no strong leadership
  • only one encouraging unity GMD & CCP
  • Wang Jingwei / Liao Zhongkai left faction
  • Hu Hanmin right faction
  • Jiang Jieshi had military (power)
• Tension in 20's

  • 30 May 1925 : 11 workers killed in protest (factory workers)
  • protests against death Guangzhou, violently dispersed = 52 deaths
  • CCP encourage strikes, increase support ( 1927 CCP 57,000 members)
  • 20 August 1925 : Liao Zhongkai (left) assasinated & Hu Hanmin (right) investigated ( sent Moscow re-education )
  • 20 March 1926 : plot kidnap Jiang Jieshi discovered
  • communists blamed, Jiang excuse arrest/remove CCP leaders
  • Jiang Jieshi left in charge GMD
• Jiang Jieshi

  • didn't agree uniting GMD and CCP
  • 2 aims:
  • remove warlords, unite China under GMD
  • destroy CCP (secret aim)
• 27 July 1926 - start Northern expedition

  • 1 July 1926 : announced assembly army
  • took 85,000 troops with him
  • brutal warfare, heavy casualities
  • Nationalist Revolutionary Army (NRA) cut off supply lines, steadily crush warlords
  • NRA increased 750,000 members warlord army defected
• NRA Victory Northern Expecition

  • GMD support all provinces
  • troops skilled and trained well
  • led by experinced leaders
  • warlords didn't unite
  • populations hated warlords, willing help
• July 1928 - China United (end Northern expedition)

  • still some warlords in North
  • many warlords made agreements w/ GMD (keep armies)
  • warlords offered positions gov
  • corruption still apparent
• 12 April 1927 - Shanghai Massacre / White Terror

  • Shanghai = CCP base
  • 2000 men (Green Gang/GMD members) executed communists
  • 5000 - 10,000 killed
  • communists identified by red stain on necks from ties
  • terror spread other GMD ontrolled cities
  • many communists moved countryside
• Jiangxi Soviet

  • after Shanghai Massacre United Front broken
  • being hunted, went to countryside
  • Jiangxi province base communists
  • Chinese Soviet republic made, led Mao Zedong & Zhu De
  • 28 Bolsheviks became in chare of Politburo
  • Mao attempt to present idea peasant revolutionary class (Oct 1932), replaced by Zhou Enlai Military commissar
  • Comintern rep 1933 'Mao disorted Marxist concepts'
• CCP breakdown- Jiangxi Soviet

  • Chen Dixiu (head of CCP) blamed for massacre
  • resigned 7 August 1927
  • replaced Qu Qiubai studied in Moscow, traditional marxist
  • Qu ordered uprisings attempt gain power in cities
  • Nanchang / Autumn Harvest / Canton Commune
• 1 August 1927 - Nanchang Uprising

  • rebels seized city, claimed revolutionary gov
  • people indifferent
  • city recaptured 4 days later
  • surviving comunists fleed South
• 7 to 13 September 1927 - Autumn Harvest Uprising

  • soldiers in Hunan led Mao began uprising in Changsha
  • forces seized couple towns, far from capital
  • suffered casualities againt GMD troops
  • 1000 soldiers left, joined with 2000 survivors of Nanchang
• 11 December 1927 - Canton Commune

  • Stalin ordered uprising at Guangzhou (politcally unstable)
  • seized city, Guangzhou soviet council established
  • announced: land redistribution, collective land ownership, reduce work hrs
  • lasted 2 days no one interested, people hostile
  • nationalists retook city w/ 5700 killed
• Jiangxi Soviet changes CCP leadership

  • late 1920's : members fell 57,000 to 10,000
  • Comintern unable accept failure, blamed CCP leaders
  • wanted continue orthodox marxism (Mao opposed lost seat)
  • 18 June to 20 July : 6th party congress held (Moscow)
  • Qu Qibai replaced w/ Li Lisan
  • Li directed more campaigns more failure
  • GMD focused attacking them countryside
  • 8 January 1931 : replaced by Moscow trained students ( 28 Bolsheviks )
  • led by Wang Ming / Bo Gu ( not experiences / popular )
• Improvements Jiangxi Soviet

  • Reading classes for soldiers & peasants
  • remove foot binding, forced marriage and child slavery
  • Divorce & marriage rights
  • Set up schools
  • Discouraging Opium farming
  • Introduction of a People’s Bank with own currency
  • Red postal service established
  • Introduction of Land Laws – divvying up land among farming population (still allowing those who grow the most to do so)
  • Reduction on land taxes and rent 
• Red Army

  • Zhu De led Red Army
  • volunteer army
  • Mao used easy language, engage w/ peasants
  • political instruction/ military training taught together
  • no rank, officers & soldiers equal
  • all ate, slept, worked the same
  • warlords/nationalists captured 2 options:
  • return home (CCP gave money), join CCP (trained)
  • soldiers also expected work for community on days off
  • cut firewood, sow crops
  • army highly respected
  • guerilla fighters: small groups, luring GMD communist areas, attack night
  • relied peasants for info, food, knowledge: strong connection w/ people
• GMD Encirclement Campaigns- during Jiangxi soviet era

  • plan Jiang kill communists
  • campaigns across 1930 to 1934
  • all defeated by Mao-Zhu's 30,000 member army
  • December 1930 : 100,000 GMD troops
  • March 1931 : 200,000 GMD troops
  • July 1931 : 300,000 GMD troops
• October 1933 - Fifth Encirclement Campaign (final)

  • Jiang assisted General Hans used new tactic
  • oveer 1 million soldiers used
  • surrounded CCP w/ blockhouses & trenches
  • CCP boxed then used aerial attacks
• Long March

  • Mao & Zhou Enlai led withdrawal
  • damage from 5th encirclement campaign
  • 80,000 soldiers and 20,000 CCP supporters ready leave
  • only 35 women allowed to go
  • 16 October 1934 : leaving 28,000 behind officialy left Ruijin
• 25 Nov to 3 Dec 1934 - Battle of Xiang River

  • Jiang ordered attack to stop communists
  • only 30,000 communists survived attack
  • more than 50,000 died
  • most losses in Long March
• 15 to 18 Jan 1935 - Zunyi Conference

  • reds captured Zunyi city, 12 days rest
  • 15 to 17 leaders discussed next moves
  • Mao crticised Bo Gu and Otto Braun for leadership
  • Mao promoted chief advisor to Zhou Enlai (Red army)
  • 28 bolsheviks no longer command
  • Mao changes: guerilla warfare, slogans, gain support of peasants
• 30 March 1935 - Battle of Luding Bridge (Dadu river)

  • trying to send whole red army on 1 boat
  • being tracked by nationalists
  • First Front Army sent to race Luding Bridge, led Yang Chengwu (3 day trip)
  • covered 120km in 24 hrs (arrived 29/5)
  • 22 men crossed bridge ( 12 hand grenades, pistol, broadsword)
  • defended by Nationalist troops
  • Myth said none died, 4 died
• July August 1935 - Snowy Mountains

  • soldiers wore straw sandals / cotton clothes
  • men slipped off cliff, died exposure / exhaustion
  • 10,000 survived, went to Sichuan
  • joined 4th Army under Zhang Guotao
  • 2 week break to decide next move: Mao & Zhanng disagreed
  • Mao: head NE, join small soviet led Gao Gang in Shaanxi
  • Zhang: head to western Sichuan
• August 1935 - High Grasslands

  • one big swamp w/ deep black muck (swallowed Men & Horses )
  • food became scarce, no clean water, coudn't digest local grain
  • some boiled leather belts to eat
• 16 September 1935 - Final Battle

  • fought Laziko, pass regional GMD
  • Red army won
• 22 October 1935 - End of Long March

  • 368 days marching total
  • 19/10 First Front Army arrived Shaanxi (Gao Gangs soviet)
  • initially 100,000 marchers, 7000 - 8000 survived
  • span 1 yr: walked 120 000 km, passed 11 provinces, crossed 24 rivers, crossed 18 mountain ranges
  • december - Soviet base moved Yenan
• Yenan Soviet

  • Yenan poor area in countryside
  • most peasants illerate, worked for rich landlords
  • Red army drove out/ shot landlords (liberation)
  • redistributed land to peasants / landowners ( Peasants Association)
  • encouraged fanshen ( turn over established order )
  • easily gained support
• Yenan Soviet - Land Laws

  • CCP land laws made Jiangxi 1932
  • all property belongs wellborn / landowners taken (left enough support families)
  • reduced interest loans 18% to 1.5%
  • rent set less than 25% earnings from harvest
  • poor peasants could increase landholdings
• Yenan Soviet - Social Life

  • reduced taxes
  • introduced skl iteracy rates 1% 1936 to 50% 1943
  • hospitals, peasant associations (make decisions)
  • women support groups (help abuse, feed family)
  • remove foot binding, outdated practices
  • lived caves cut sandstone cliffs (leaders same)
  • army units produce 40% own food
• Yenan Soviet - Political change

  • local gov based principle of 3 thirds
  • 1/3 CCP members, 1/3 were leftist groups, 1/3 anyone else (not CCP enemies)
  • Mao believed officials should listen ordinary people, make policies meet their needs
• Successes at Yenan

  • 1940 50 million people lived in liberated areas of the CCP
  • CCP Membership: 1927 40 000, 1949 4.5 million
  • Red Army: 1937 92 000, 1949 4 million
• New Culture Movement

  • began during WW1 (1914-1918)
  • led by intellectuals ( followed young people- students )
  • based Beijing/Shanghai
  • aimed modernise, create new identity for China
  • want introduce Western social/political concepts (democracy, equality)
  • heavy influence: Uni Chancellor Cai Yuanpei
  • change from traditional writing to everyday (easy understand)
  • everyday writing: opened oppurtunity for people, access literature
  • criticised Confucianism (outdated/ encourage exploitation lower classes)
  • gained support by journal New Youth (articles scholars, intellectuals)
• New Culture Movement

  • gained support by journal New Youth (articles scholars, intellectuals)
  • scientific/political ideas focus
  • Women: oppurtunity learn/study, voting right, equal rights
  • Ding Ling: female writer, inspired young women