Radicalisation and the last days of MLK

• What were the social and economic grievances that led to urban riots in the mid-1960s?


  100 years of segregation and discrimination created significant inequality across America.
• How did activism influence the ideas within the African American community during the mid-1960s?


  Activism led to the growth of more radical and militant ideas within the African American community.
• In what ways did radical groups challenge Martin Luther King and the SCLC?


  They challenged both the leadership and strategy of Martin Luther King and proposed more radical solutions.
• What was Malcolm X's birth name?


  Malcolm Little
• What influenced Malcolm Little's beliefs and activism?


  He was influenced by his father's civil rights activism and the ideas of Marcus Garvey.
• What organization did Malcolm X join while in prison?


  The Nation of Islam (NOI)
• What were the main beliefs promoted by Malcolm X?


  Violent resistance to white supremacy, rejection of integration, and criticism of Martin Luther King's tactics.
• Why was Malcolm X suspended from the NOI?


  For controversial remarks about Kennedy’s assassination.
• What was the impact of Malcolm X's ideas on younger African Americans?


  He promoted self-esteem and drew attention to the conditions in urban ghettos.
• What event in June 1966 involved Stokely Carmichael?


  James Meredith was shot during a protest march for African American voter registration.
• What phrase did Stokely Carmichael popularize during the protest march?


  ‘Black Power’
• How did the advocates of Black Power differ from Martin Luther King's approach?


  They wanted separatism and an end to cooperation with white liberals, while King advocated for integration.
• What significant action did the SNCC take under Carmichael's leadership in 1966?


  They expelled white people from its membership.
• What was the significance of the urban riots in the mid-1960s?

  They were seen as an expression of Black Power and a rejection of Martin Luther King's approach.
• When was the Black Panther Party for Self Defence established?


  1966
• What was the main purpose of the Black Panthers?


  To protect the black community against police oppression and advocate for black separatism.
• What was the significance of the Black Panthers' ten-point programme?


  It included black separatism and protection of the black community, reflecting a strong Marxist influence.
• What incident in May 1967 involved the Black Panthers?


  They surrounded the California state building to protest against a proposed law banning unconcealed weapons.
• How did the Black Panthers contribute to their communities?


  They established schools and community centers and distributed free breakfasts in the ghettos.
• What was the estimated membership of the Black Panthers by 1968?


  Approximately 5,000 members
• What led to the decline of the Black Panthers by 1970?


  Internal divisions, poor organization, and a crackdown by the FBI and police.
• What was the significance of the Black Power salute at the 1968 Olympic Games?


  It was a public demonstration of Black Power by African American athletes.
• What were some reasons for the development of the idea of Black Power?


  Opposition to reliance on white support, anti-colonialism, and disappointment with political changes.
• Why did Black Power lack unified aims?


  It was made up of various groups with different approaches, such as Black pride, violence, and separatism.
• What was the importance of the Black Power movement?


  It questioned integration and asserted the idea of self-esteem and empowerment within African American communities.
• What was the impact of the Radical Civil Rights movement on black culture?


  It spread wider consciousness of black culture and heritage.
• What were some outcomes of the Radical Civil Rights movement?


  Increased interest in African American history, culture, and identity.
• How did the Radical Civil Rights movement influence other social movements?


  It introduced identity politics, impacting issues like gay rights and second-wave feminism.
• What were some challenges faced by the Radical Civil Rights movement?


  Increased division between whites and African Americans and fears of repression.
• What was Martin Luther King's focus after the civil rights legislation of 1964-65?


  He focused on northern ghettos and economic justice.
• What issues did King encounter in Chicago's housing market?


  African Americans paid higher rents, insurance, and interest rates.
• What was the reaction to King's marches in Chicago?


  They provoked a vicious reaction, including violence from local residents.
• What did Chicago's mayor, Richard Daley, do in response to the protests?


  He made some concessions on integrated housing.
• Why did King fail in Chicago?


  The scale of the problems was larger than anticipated, and church attendance was lower than in the South.
• How did King's opposition to the Vietnam War affect his support?


  It alienated him from Johnson's support and white liberal opinion.
• What was the outcome of King's assassination in April 1968?


  It triggered widespread rioting in the ghettos across 130 cities.
• What was the Civil Rights Act of 1968?


  It outlawed discrimination based on skin color, race, religion, or national origin in housing.
• What recognition did Martin Luther King receive after his assassination?


  The Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and his birthday marked as a national holiday in 1986.
• What was the significance of King's 'I have a dream' speech?


  It is seen as one of the most influential speeches of the twentieth century.
• What factors contributed to the achievements of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965?


  Other organizations, local workers, the Supreme Court, presidential intervention, and white liberal support played crucial roles.