NAACP

• Who was Booker T. Washington?


  One of the most influential early African American leaders
• What did Booker T. Washington advocate for African Americans?


  Concentration on economic progress rather than social and political equality
• What type of education did Washington emphasize for African Americans?


  Vocational education with an emphasis on practical skills
• How did Washington believe African Americans could earn the respect of white Americans?


  By improving their economic status through education
• What was Washington's view on political and social equality?


  He saw it as a long-term goal to be achieved gradually
• What was the 'Atlanta Compromise' speech?

  A speech by Washington outlining his views on race relations
• How was Washington's approach to race relations labeled?

  Accommodationist
• Why was Washington criticized by some African Americans?


  They believed his acceptance of white supremacy was too passive
• Who consulted Washington regularly?

  Presidents and other politicians
• What criticism did President Theodore Roosevelt face in relation to Washington?


  He faced criticism for inviting Washington to dine at the White House
• What was the increase in the number of professional African Americans in teaching from 1910 to 1930?

  From 68,350 to 136,925
• How did Washington's compliance with white supremacy need to be viewed?


  It should be modified to recognize his secret support for legal actions
• What legal action did Washington successfully fight in 1904?


  He fought against the exclusion of African Americans from jury service
• What does the evidence suggest about the economic advance of African Americans by Washington's death in 1915?


  It suggests a degree of failure
• Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?


  A professor and significant opponent of Booker T. Washington
• What was Du Bois's main argument against Washington's ideas?


  That economic gains were less important than civil rights
• What did Du Bois propose for African American leadership?


  A well-educated elite he called 'The Talented Tenth' should lead the fight for equality
• What civil rights organization was inspired by Du Bois?


  The Niagara Movement
• What was the significance of the NAACP, which Du Bois helped to form?


  It aimed to advance civil rights for African Americans
• What was Ida B. Wells's background?


  She was born into a family of enslaved people in Mississippi
• What campaign did Wells undertake against railroad car segregation?

  She campaigned in the courts in Tennessee from 1884 to 1887
• What national issue did Wells write about that attracted attention?


  The horrors of lynching
• Why was Wells forced to leave her home in Memphis?


  She was targeted for reprisals due to her attacks on lynching and racism
• In what year did IBW write to President McKinley demanding intervention against lynching?


  1898
• What was the main purpose of Wells' book "Lynching and the Excuse"?


  To reveal the scale of lynching and the reasons for it
• How did the Supreme Court and federal government respond to the issue of lynching?


  They argued it was a matter for local states to handle
• What was the status of African Americans in the South after Reconstruction?


  They were abandoned by the Federal government
• What event exemplified the continuing violence between African Americans and whites in 1908?

  The race riots in Springfield, Illinois
• How many African Americans were lynched during the Springfield riots in 1908?


  Two were lynched
• What significant historical figure was associated with Springfield, Illinois?

  Abraham Lincoln
• What was the outcome of the conference called by white liberals in 1909?


  It led to the formation of the NAACP
• What were the main aims of the NAACP?


  • Abolish segregation
  • Campaign for equal voting rights for African Americans
  • Campaign for improved educational facilities for African Americans
  • Enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments
• Who became the editor of the NAACP’s magazine Crisis?


  WDB
• What strategy did the NAACP place great importance on to achieve civil rights?


  Court action
• What significant victories did the NAACP achieve in 1915 and 1917?


  Declared 'grandfather clauses' unconstitutional and invalidated residential segregation in Louisville
• How many members did the NAACP have by 1920?

  90,000 members
• When did the NAACP's impact become significant?


  In the 1940s