impact of migration

• What is the term used to describe the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers?

  The Great Migration
• How many African Americans left the South before 1910?


  500,000
• How many African Americans left the South during World War I?


  Another 500,000
• Between which years did approximately 6 million African Americans move from the rural South?


  1916 and 1970
• Where did many African Americans migrate to during the Great Migration?


  Many moved to northern cities and southern cities like New Orleans, Charleston, and Savannah
• What was the population of African Americans in the South in 1912?


  8,912,000
• What was the population of African Americans in the South by 1960?


  11,312,000
• What conditions did most African Americans continue to live in despite the Great Migration?


  Conditions of political, social, and economic inequality
• What were the main factors that encouraged African Americans to migrate during the Great Migration?


  • More jobs available in the North with higher wages
  • Vulnerability due to dependence on the cotton industry
  • Labor shortage in the North due to WWI
  • Hope for a better life and escape from oppression
  • Growth of established African American communities in the North
• How much could migrants earn in the North compared to the South?


  Migrants could earn as much in an hour in the North as they did in a day in the South
• What economic issue affected African American workers in the South during the Great Migration?


  Overproduction in the cotton industry led to significant slumps in cotton prices
• What was one consequence of the outbreak of WWI for labor in the North?


  It created a labor shortage due to restricted European immigration
• What was a powerful reason for African Americans to leave the rural South?


  The hope for a better life and escape from threats like lynching and Jim Crow laws
• How did established African American communities in the North influence migration?


  They acted as a magnet for others to follow
• How many African Americans registered for the military draft during WWI?


  2 million
• How many African Americans served in the armed forces during WWI?


  367,000
• What hope did African Americans have regarding their status in society during WWI?


  They hoped that the war might bring about significant changes to their status
• What was the primary role of African Americans (AAs) during the war?


  Most AAs were used in labour units, supporting front-line troops.
• Why were AAs often seen as a source of cheap labour?


  They were primarily assigned to labour units rather than combat roles.
• How was racism manifested within the War Department?

  Racism was deeply entrenched, limiting AAs to roles like mess men.
• Who insisted on segregated units in the US army in France?

  General Pershing.
• What did General Pershing communicate about African Americans to his French ally?


  He stated that an African American is regarded as an inferior being by white Americans.
• What was the name of the famous segregated AA combat unit?

  The Harlem Hellfighters (369 Regiment).
• What was significant about the Harlem Hellfighters during WW1?


  They fought longer in the front line than any other US unit and were highly decorated.
• What did President Wilson proclaim when asking Congress to declare war on Germany?


  “The world must be made safe for democracy.”
• What was the purpose of the silent parade of 15,000 AAs in New York in July 1917?


  To protest against lynching and demand safety for democracy.
• What was the outcome for AAs after WW1?


  There were no significant improvements, and racial tensions increased.
• What factors contributed to the racial tensions in the North after WW1?


  Fear of job competition, a weaker economy, and the Red Scare.
• What was the term used to describe the outbreak of racial violence in the summer of 1919?

  The 'Red Summer'.
• What were the impacts of the Great Migration on AAs and the US?


  1. Growth of racial hostility
  2. Growth of AA resistance
  3. Increased NAACP activism
  4. Continuing migration
  5. Minor political and social changes
  6. Marcus Garvey and the ‘Back to Africa’ movement
  7. Growth of the KKK
  8. Impact on culture and the ‘Harlem Renaissance’
• How did the northward migration affect racial hostility towards AAs?


  AAs often encountered fierce racial hostility despite the belief in a better life.
• Where did many AAs concentrate during the Great Migration?


  In ghettos in major cities like Harlem and Chicago.
• What were the living conditions like in Chicago's ghetto during the Great Migration?


  They were appalling, with poor sanitation, education, and high rates of disease and crime.
• How did segregation manifest in the North after the Great Migration?


  AAs were often stopped from entering hotels, restaurants, and public places.
• What actions did AAs take in response to segregation and discrimination?


  AAs set up their own facilities, including churches and businesses.
• What percentage of AA students in Chicago attended all-AA schools by 1930?


  82%.
• What incident sparked one of the largest riots in Chicago in July 1919?


  An AA swimmer was beaten to death after arriving at a whites-only beach.
• What was the outcome of the Chicago riot in July 1919?


  23 AAs and 15 white Americans were killed, and federal troops were called in.
• How did the violence in the USA before and after the war affect AA resistance?


  It encouraged AAs to become more aware of their status and to resist oppression.
• What was the name of the AA doctor involved in the Sweet case in 1925?


  Ossian Sweet.