Acids and Bases

• What does the pH scale measure?


  It measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is.
• What is the range of the pH scale?


  The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• What pH value indicates a neutral solution?


  A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
• What is the pH of stomach acid?


  The pH of stomach acid is around 2.
• What is the pH of acid rain?


  The pH of acid rain is around 4.
• What is the pH of washing up liquid?


  The pH of washing up liquid is around 9.
• What is the pH of bleach used for cleaning bathrooms?


  The pH of bleach is around 12.
• What is an indicator in the context of pH measurement?


  An indicator is a chemical dye that changes color depending on the pH.
• What is a wide range indicator?


  A wide range indicator changes color across a wide range of pH values.
• What is the most common example of a wide range indicator?

  The most common example is the universal indicator.
• How does the universal indicator display pH levels?


  It shows colors ranging from deep red at low pH to bluey purple at high pH.
• How can pH be measured using a pH probe?


  A pH probe can be dipped into a solution to electronically measure the pH.
• What is the benefit of using a pH probe compared to an indicator?


  A pH probe is more accurate and precise than an indicator.
• How is an acid defined in terms of pH?


  An acid is any substance that forms aqueous solutions with a pH of less than 7.
• What do acids release in water that makes the solution acidic?

  Acids release hydrogen ions in water.
• How is a base defined in terms of pH?


  A base is any substance with a pH greater than 7.
• What is an alkali?


  An alkali is a base that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7.
• What ions do alkalis form in water?


  Alkalis form hydroxide ions (OH^-) in water.
• What happens when an acid and a base react together?


  They undergo a neutralization reaction producing a salt and water.
• What is the product of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide?


  The products are sodium chloride (salt) and water.
• How can neutralization reactions be represented in terms of ions?


  They can be represented by H⁺ from the acid and OH^- from the base combining to form H₂O.
• What is the pH of the products in a neutralization reaction?


  The pH of the products should be 7 because they are neutral.
• What are some common acids and bases encountered in the course?

  Common acids:

  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Nitric acid

  
  

  Common bases:

  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Calcium carbonate
• Why is it important to learn about common acids and bases?


  They frequently appear in various contexts and applications.