Struggle for independence

• What marked a transformative period in East Africa's history during the mid-20th century?


  The struggle for independence
• Which countries fought against colonial rule in East Africa?

  Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania
• What are the primary causes of the independence movements in East Africa?

  1. Colonial Rule and Political Oppression
  2. Economic Exploitation
  3. Social Inequality
  4. Nationalism and Identity
  5. Influence of Global Events
  6. Local Leadership and Organization
  7. Repressive Colonial Policies
  8. Land Alienation
  9. Education and Political Consciousness

  10. Economic Discontent
• What governance structures did colonial powers impose in East Africa?


  Authoritarian governance structures
• How did the British implement indirect rule in Kenya?


  Through local chiefs while retaining ultimate control
• What economic impact did colonial administrations have on East Africa?


  They extracted resources to benefit their home countries
• What was established by the British in Kenya that displaced local farmers?


  Large-scale plantations
• What social issue did colonial systems entrench in East Africa?


  Racial and social hierarchies
• Which ethnic group was favored by the British in Uganda for administrative positions?


  The Baganda ethnic group
• What did the rise of nationalist movements in East Africa inspire people to reclaim?


  Their identity and self-determination
• What was the name of the political party formed in Kenya in the 1960s?

  The Kenya African National Union (KANU)
• What global event influenced the independence movements in East Africa?

  Decolonization movements post-World War II
• What was the year India gained independence, serving as an example for East Africa?


  1947
• Who was a charismatic leader that mobilized the masses for independence in Tanzania?

  Julius Nyerere
• What was the name of the political party founded by Julius Nyerere in Tanzania?


  The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU)
• What was the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya a response to?


  Land dispossession and political oppression
• What did colonial land policies often do to indigenous populations in East Africa?


  Dispossessed them of their land
• What became a central issue in the quest for autonomy in Kenya?


  The return of land
• How did Western-style education systems impact East Africans?


  They exposed them to new ideas about governance and rights
• What economic hardship did high taxation create in Uganda?


  Widespread economic hardship
• What was a direct effect of the independence struggle in East Africa?


  The establishment of self-governing nations
• In what year did Kenya gain independence?


  1963
• In what year did Uganda gain independence?


  1962
• In what year did Tanzania gain independence?


  1961
• What did the independence movements foster among East Africans?


  A sense of national identity
• What concept emphasized unity and collective identity in Tanzania post-independence?

  Ujamaa (familyhood)
• What challenges did many countries face after achieving independence?

  Political instability and power struggles
• Who was a notable dictator in Uganda after independence?

  Idi Amin
• What did post-independence governments in East Africa focus on?


  Nation-building and economic reforms
• What economic issue did Kenya face post-independence?


  Land redistribution and agricultural productivity
• What cultural impact did the independence movements have in East Africa?


  A cultural renaissance and revival of indigenous practices
• What did newly independent nations in East Africa seek to assert on the global stage?


  Their position in international affairs
• What organization did newly independent nations join to promote solidarity?

  The Organization of African Unity (OAU)
• What reforms did governments prioritize post-independence?


  Education and health care reforms
• Who implemented policies to promote education and healthcare access in Tanzania?

  Nyerere
• What did land reforms in Tanzania aim to address?


  Land inequities
• What issue did independence movements open discussions about?


  Gender roles and women's rights
• What did women in Kenya do post-independence regarding their rights?


  Formed organizations to push for legal reforms
• What legacy did the independence struggle often leave behind?


  Unresolved ethnic tensions and conflicts
• What ongoing challenges does East Africa face after independence?


  Political instability and ethnic conflicts