Geography

• What is urbanisation?


  Urbanisation is the rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas.
• In what year did more people live in urban areas than rural areas for the first time?

  2007
• Which continents are expected to see the biggest rises in urbanisation in the next century?

  Africa and Asia are expected to see the biggest rises.
• What defines a megacity?

  A megacity has over 10 million people.
• Where are most of the world's largest cities located?


  Most of the world's largest cities are now in emerging countries.
• What are the two main causes of urban growth?

  Rural-urban migration and natural increase.
• What does urban primacy mean?


  Urban primacy means a city has greater importance and influence than its size suggests.
• What is the capital of Malawi?

  Lilongwe
• What is the main cause of urbanisation according to the study material?


  The main cause of urbanisation is economic growth, which creates new jobs.
• How does New York's knowledge economy affect its urbanisation?


  New York's knowledge economy attracts international migrants.
• What has led to population decline in Detroit?


  De-industrialisation has led to population decline in Detroit.
• What is the informal economy in LICs often characterized by?


  The informal economy in LICs is often large, with many people selling goods or offering services on the street.
• What is a characteristic of India's informal economy?


  Much of India's informal economy is in factories and construction, where there are few regulations.
• What is the most valuable part of New York's economy?


  New York's knowledge economy, including software and financial services, is the most valuable part.
• How does the informal economy contribute to New York's GDP?


  The informal economy contributes to New York's GDP mostly in the catering industry.
• What are the three types of land use in cities?

  • Commercial: mostly in the CBD (central business district).
  • Industrial: found in the inner city or on the city edge.
  • Residential: older properties near the center, newer properties towards the suburbs.
• When did New York begin to grow?


  New York began to grow in the 17th century.
• What led to suburbanisation in New York?


  Suburbanisation in New York was caused by the subway and bridges.
• What caused New York's population to fall from 1950-1980?


  Counter-urbanisation caused New York's population to fall due to job decline, poor services, and high crime rates.
• What has encouraged re-urbanisation in New York since 1980?


  The knowledge economy and regeneration of brownfield sites have encouraged re-urbanisation.
• What is the Central Business District (CBD)?


  The CBD is the heart of an urban area, often containing a high percentage of shops and offices.
• What is counter-urbanisation?


  Counter-urbanisation is when people leave towns and cities to live in the countryside.
• What is de-industrialisation?


  De-industrialisation refers to decreased activity in manufacturing and increased unemployment.
• What is the formal economy?


  The formal economy means one which is official, meeting legal standards for accounts, taxes, and workers' pay and conditions.
• What is the informal economy?


  The informal economy is an unofficial economy where no records are kept, and people have no contracts or employment rights.
• What are the characteristics of Mumbai as a megacity?


  • Mumbai is India's main commercial city and a world city.
  • It is located on an estuary with a well-connected port.
  • The CBD is near the island tip, surrounded by unequal residential areas.
  • High-quality housing is found in the inner city, while low-income housing surrounds it.
  • Spontaneous squatter settlements spread outwards as rural-urban migrants arrive.
• What is the significance of Mumbai's port?


  Mumbai's port grew due to its location on an estuary and is well-connected to Europe.
• How does Mumbai's structure compare to developing cities?


  Mumbai's structure loosely follows that of developing cities, with high-quality housing near the CBD and low-income housing surrounding it.
• What are the implications of the informal economy in urban areas?


  The informal economy can lead to a lack of job security and poor working conditions for workers.
• What is the role of the knowledge economy in urban areas?


  The knowledge economy drives economic growth and attracts skilled workers to urban areas.
• What is the significance of the 19th-century terraced housing in urban areas?


  19th-century terraced housing is typically found closer to the city center.
• What types of housing are found in the suburbs?


  20th-century semi-detached and detached housing are found towards the suburbs.