Ch1

• What is the primary concern of many States, including Ethiopia, regarding citizenship?


  Creating good citizens
• According to Aristotle, what should citizens of a State be educated to suit?


  The constitution of a State
• What is the common belief about good citizens?

  Good citizens are made, not born
• What are some terms used to describe educational experiences aimed at developing democratic-minded citizens?

  • Right Education (South Africa)
  • Citizenship Education (USA and Germany)
  • Citizenship and Character Education (Singapore)
  • Civics and Ethical Education (Ethiopia)
• How is civic education commonly defined?


  As education that studies the rights and responsibilities of citizens
• What does Patrick (1986) define civic education as?


  The knowledge of constitutions, principles, values, history, and application to contemporary life
• What is the purpose of citizenship education?


  To encourage students to participate actively in democratic life
• How does the UNDP (2004) define civic education?


  As a way of learning for effective participation in a democratic and development process
• What does Aggarwal (1982) link civic education to?


  The development of ideas, habits, behaviors, and useful attitudes in individuals
• What is the minimal concept of civic education characterized by?


  Content-led, teacher-based, whole-class teaching and examination-based assessment
• What does the maximal concept of civic education include?


  Knowledge, values, and skills for active, responsible participation
• How does maximal civic education extend learning?


  Beyond the curriculum and classroom to all activities inside and outside school
• What teaching method is highly dependent on maximal civic education?


  Interactive teaching that requires discussion and debate
• What is ethics a branch of?


  Philosophy
• What does ethics attempt to understand?


  People's moral beliefs and actions
• What does ethics explore regarding ethical values?


  The meaning and ranking of different ethical values
• How do ethical questions differ from psychological concerns?


  Ethical questions focus on what one ought to do, not what one would do
• What is the difference between ethics and morals in terms of conduct?


  Morals refer to conduct itself, while ethics refers to the study of moral conduct
• What is the focus of moral problems compared to ethical problems?


  Moral problems are specific, while ethical problems are general and theoretical
• How is morality defined in relation to human action?


  As the degree to which an action conforms to a standard or norm of human conduct
• What does ethics investigate regarding moral standards?


  Whether a standard of morality exists that applies to all people at all times
• How can ethics be divided for understanding purposes?

  Into normative ethics and non-normative ethics
• What are the key definitions of ethics according to various scholars?


  1. Critical examination of good and evil in human conduct (Guy, 2001)
  2. A specific set of principles for a group or organization (Guy, 2001)
  3. Study of goodness, right action, and moral responsibility (Madden, 2000)
• What is the complexity of morality as a concept?


  It can mean different things to different people
• What does Socrates suggest about morality?


  It is about how we ought to live
• How does morality relate to individual conduct?


  It guides conduct by reason and considers the interests of affected individuals
• How do ethics and morality differ in terms of their application?


  • Ethics: Philosophical study of codes and standards of conduct
  • Morality: Refers to individual and community conduct
• What are the key differences between ethics and morality?


  • Ethics: Theoretical, focuses on standards and principles
  • Morality: Practical, focuses on individual conduct and societal norms
• What is the role of laws in relation to ethics and morality?


  Laws are norms formally approved by state or political bodies
• Why might some actions be illegal but not unethical?

  Because legality does not always align with ethical standards
• What is morality according to Guy (2001)?


  Morality is the principles and values that guide an individual's personal conduct.
• How does Madden (2000) define morality?


  Morality is an informal system by which rational beings govern their behavior to lessen harm and do good.
• What are the main differences between ethics and law?


  • Laws are formally approved norms by political bodies.
  • Ethics are informal guidelines governing behavior.
  • Some illegal actions may be ethical (e.g., breaking speed limits in emergencies).
  • Some unethical actions may not be illegal (e.g., lying).
  • Laws can be unethical or immoral (e.g., slavery laws).
• Why might civil disobedience be justified?


  Civil disobedience can be justified when laws are immoral or unethical.
• What is the main function of a legal system according to the text?


  The main function of a legal system is to enforce a society's moral and ethical consensus.
• How are laws expressed?

  Laws are expressed in statutes, penal codes, court rulings, and government regulations.
• How do ethical and moral standards differ in terms of enforcement?


  Ethical and moral standards are enforced through social disapproval, while laws are enforced by government coercion.
• What is the goal of civic education?


  • To instill values of respect and tolerance.
  • To make individuals responsible community members.
  • To teach decision-making and problem-solving skills.
  • To promote care for others and respect for diversity.
• What does civics and ethics education aim to teach in Ethiopia?


  It aims to educate students about democratic culture, ethical values, and the rights and duties of citizens.
• Why is ethics important in education?


  Ethics is important because it addresses ethical problems that arise from using technology in education.