Ch3

• What is the main focus of Chapter Three in MCED 1011?


  Ethical Decision Making and Moral Judgments
• What is one function of morality according to the chapter introduction?


  To provide guidance in dealing with moral puzzles
• Why is it a problem for society to maintain order?


  Because there are always conflicts among people
• What does the chapter aim to introduce?

  The ethical decision-making process and the need to be moral
• What are the objectives of Chapter Three?


  • Identify moral foundations for ethical standards
  • Understand how these standards apply to specific situations
  • Identify how good ethical decisions are made
  • Understand why we need to be moral
• What challenges do individuals face in making ethical decisions?


  They may find it difficult to always do the right thing
• How does one's notion of "Good" and "Bad" affect ethical decisions?


  It determines the ethical nature of actions and decisions
• What are instrumental goods?


  Things considered good for their results or what they lead to
• What are intrinsic goods?


  Things valued for what they are, not for what they lead to
• Give an example of something considered intrinsically bad.

  Female Genital Mutilation
• What is a key task of ethical reasoning?


  To analyze and critically consider the values we hold
• What key values arise in the context of death and dying?

  Sanctity of life, quality of life, and autonomy
• What does ethical evaluation involve?


  Assessing the adequacy of reasons given for actions
• Why are ethical problems often complex?


  Because they are not as clear-cut as other kinds of problems
• What is the aim of ethics?


  To offer tools for thinking about difficult problems
• What is required from individuals in ethically challenging situations?


  To resolve problems sincerely and collaboratively
• What are some common rules of thumb people use in ethics?


  • It is wrong to steal
  • It is right to help people in need
• Why might simple ethical rules be put to the test?


  Because of the complexities of life
• What is the role of philosophers in ethical reasoning?


  To find general answers applicable to everyone in society
• What is moral intuition?


  It involves reasoning about our feelings regarding right and good
• How does empathy relate to moral sentiments?


  Empathy allows us to identify with others' feelings
• What is the relationship between moral conscience and reason?


  Moral conscience is based on emotions but should be supported by reason
• What does philosophical ethics encourage individuals to do?


  To reflect critically on their sentiments and attitudes
• What is rationalisation in ethical arguments?


  Using seemingly rational motives to cover up true motives
• What is the purpose of critical reasoning in ethics?


  To uncover errors in arguments and justify claims
• What are the three forms of critical reasoning?

  1. Reasoning by analogy
  2. Deductive reasoning
  3. Inductive reasoning
• What does reasoning by analogy involve?


  Explaining one thing by comparing it to something similar
• What is deductive reasoning?


  Applying a principle to a specific situation
• What is inductive reasoning?


  Providing evidence to support a hypothesis
• How does religious faith relate to morality for many people?


  Many believe morality and religious faith go hand in hand
• What is the significance of ethical principles in moral judgments?


  • They provide a coherent set of rules for living
  • They help analyze complex moral problems
  • They guide individuals in making ethical decisions
• What is the main argument regarding the similarity between animals and humans in ethical discussions?


  The similarity between animals and humans may support the argument for ascribing rights to nonhuman animals.
• What does deductive reasoning involve?

  Deductive reasoning applies a principle to a situation to draw conclusions.
• How does inductive reasoning function?


  Inductive reasoning involves providing evidence to support a hypothesis.
• What is an example of inductive reasoning related to climate change?


  Mounting evidence of fossil fuel burning's detrimental effects supports the moral duty to reduce carbon emissions.
• How do some people view the relationship between morality and religious faith?


  Many people believe that morality and religious faith go hand in hand.
• What is a criticism of faith-based moral arguments?


  Some moral philosophers argue that faith-based arguments are not rationally defensible.
• What do some philosophers believe about determining right and wrong?


  They believe we can determine right and wrong through rational reflection without divine commands.
• Why are faith-based arguments relevant to moral philosophy?


  Because many people look to religion for moral guidance and do not always agree on right and wrong.
• What is critical reasoning in the context of moral arguments?


  Critical reasoning involves questioning the reasoning and evidence behind moral arguments.