Protein Synthesis

• What is the main topic of the video "Protein Synthesis"?


  The stages of protein synthesis
• Why is protein synthesis considered a tricky topic for triple biology students?


  It involves a lot of detail and complexity
• What are the building blocks of DNA?

  Nucleotides
• How many different nucleotides are there in DNA?


  Four different nucleotides
• What are the bases of the nucleotides in DNA?


  A, T, G, and C
• What does it mean that the two strands of DNA are complementary?


  A pairs with T and C pairs with G
• What are proteins made of?

  Amino acids
• How many different amino acids are there in humans?


  Twenty different amino acids
• How does the order of amino acids affect a protein?


  It determines the shape and function of the protein
• What is an example of an enzyme protein?

  Amylase
• What is an example of a structural protein?


  Collagen
• What is an example of a hormone protein?


  Insulin
• How is the order of amino acids in a protein determined?


  By the sequence of bases in the gene for that protein
• What is the first stage of protein synthesis called?

  Transcription
• Where does transcription take place?


  In the nucleus
• What is the complementary template molecule produced during transcription?


  Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• What is the structure of mRNA?


  It is a single-stranded molecule
• What is the second stage of protein synthesis called?

  Translation
• Where does translation take place?


  In the cytoplasm
• What attaches to the ribosome during translation?


  mRNA molecule
• What are the carrier molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosome called?


  Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• What does the ribosome do during translation?


  It reads the triplets of bases on the mRNA
• What happens to the protein chain once it is complete?


  It folds into its unique shape
• Why is the shape of a protein important?


  It enables the protein to do its job
• What are the two main stages of protein synthesis?


  1. Transcription

  • Occurs in the nucleus
  • DNA sequence is copied to mRNA

  1. Translation

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm
  • mRNA is read by ribosomes to assemble amino acids
• What is the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and proteins?


  • DNA contains the genetic code
  • mRNA is a copy of the DNA code
  • Proteins are synthesized based on the mRNA sequence
• What roles do different types of proteins play in the body?

  • Enzymes (e.g., amylase) facilitate biochemical reactions
  • Structural proteins (e.g., collagen) provide support
  • Hormones (e.g., insulin) regulate physiological processes