Carbohydrates

• What are carbohydrates primarily used for in plants and animals?


  They are an important energy source.
• What elements make up carbohydrates?


  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• What are the three types of carbohydrates?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• What are monosaccharides?


  They are the monomers of carbohydrates.
• What are examples of monosaccharides?


  Fructose, galactose, and glucose.
• What is glucose classified as?


  It is a hexose sugar.
• What are the two forms of glucose?

  Alpha (α) and beta (β).
• Why is glucose important for respiration?


  It is the main sugar used for respiration.
• How does the structure of glucose relate to its function?


  Its solubility allows it to be transported easily.
• What is a glycosidic bond?


  It is a strong covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides.
• How are disaccharides formed from monosaccharides?


  By the interaction of two hydroxyl (OH) groups to form a glycosidic bond.
• What happens during the formation of a glycosidic bond?


  One water molecule is released.
• What type of reaction forms glycosidic bonds?


  A condensation reaction.
• What reaction breaks a glycosidic bond?


  A hydrolysis reaction.
• What are the three monosaccharides mentioned?


  Fructose, galactose, and glucose.
• Why are monosaccharides rapidly absorbed?


  They are simple sugars that can be quickly utilized by the body.
• What is the primary use of glucose in plants?


  It is used for energy and as a building block for other carbohydrates.
• What property of glucose allows it to be soluble in water?


  Its hydroxyl (OH) groups.
• How does water's properties make it an excellent solvent for glucose?


  Water's polarity allows it to surround and dissolve glucose molecules.
• What type of bond is a glycosidic bond?


  A covalent bond.
• What are the main functions of glucose in animals?


  • Main energy source
  • Used in respiration
  • Transported easily due to solubility
• What are the steps involved in forming and breaking glycosidic bonds?


  Formation:

  1. Two monosaccharides interact.
  2. A glycosidic bond forms.
  3. One water molecule is released (condensation reaction).

  
  

  Breaking:

  1. Water is added.
  2. The glycosidic bond is broken (hydrolysis reaction).
• What is the process called when two monosaccharides join together?


  Condensation reactions
• What is the name of the disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules?


  Maltose
• What type of glycosidic bond links the two glucose molecules in maltose?


  1,4 glycosidic bond
• Where is maltose found?


  In germinating seeds
• What two monosaccharides make up sucrose?


  Glucose and fructose
• What type of glycosidic bond links glucose and fructose in sucrose?


  1,2 glycosidic bond
• What is the role of sucrose in plants?


  It is the form in which sugars are transported
• What two monosaccharides make up lactose?


  Glucose and galactose
• What type of glycosidic bond links glucose and galactose in lactose?


  1,4 glycosidic bond
• What is the carbohydrate source in milk?

  Lactose
• What are the products of the hydrolysis of sucrose?


  Glucose and fructose
• How is sucrose transported around the plant after photosynthesis?


  It is transported in the phloem
• What are polysaccharides and how are they formed?


  • Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers.
  • They consist of repeated chains of many monosaccharides.
  • They are joined by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction.
• Name three examples of polysaccharides.


  Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• Why are starch and glycogen useful as storage polysaccharides?


  They are compact and insoluble
• What is the osmotic effect of polysaccharides like starch and glycogen?


  They have no osmotic effect
• What is the advantage of polysaccharides being branched?

  Branches can be rapidly hydrolysed for energy
• What is the storage polysaccharide of plants?


  Starch