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Cards (219)
What essential substances do animals require to survive?
Oxygen
and
carbon dioxide
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How do small organisms meet their transport needs?
Through
diffusion
due to their large
surface area to volume ratio
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What happens to the
surface area to volume ratio
as the size of an
organism
increases?
It decreases
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Why does
diffusion
become insufficient in larger organisms?
Because diffusion distance increases and
metabolic rate
increases
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What are the features of a
mass transport system
?
A network to move through (e.g.,
vessels
)
A
medium
for movement (e.g., blood)
Controlled direction (e.g.,
pressure gradient
created by the heart)
Maintenance of speed (e.g., contraction of the heart and
elastic recoil
of arteries)
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What type of molecule is
water
?
A
polar molecule
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Why is water considered a
polar solvent
?
Because it can dissolve many
biological molecules
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What role does
hydrogen bonding
play in water transport through
xylem vessels
?
It creates
cohesion
and
adhesion
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What is the significance of water's high
heat
specific capacity
?
It minimizes temperature fluctuations in living organisms
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What are the main types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
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What is the primary function of
arteries
?
To carry
oxygenated
blood to the body tissues
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Why do
arteries
have a small
lumen
?
To maintain
high blood pressure
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What is the function of
smooth muscle
in
arteries
?
To control the
diameter
of blood vessels
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What do
veins
carry?
Deoxygenated
blood to the lungs
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Why do
veins
have a large
lumen
?
To minimize
resistance
to flow
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What is the purpose of
valves
in veins?
To prevent
backflow
of blood
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What is the structure of
capillaries
?
Very small with a narrow
lumen
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Why is the
endothelium
of
capillaries
one cell thick?
To maintain a short
diffusion
distance
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What are the main components of the heart and cardiac cycle?
Four chambers: right and left
atria
, right and left
ventricles
Four main blood vessels: pulmonary vein, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery
Atrioventricular valves: mitral and tricuspid/bicuspid
Semilunar
valves: pulmonary and aortic
Tendinous
chords: prevent
atrioventricular
valves from turning inside out
Septum
: prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Coronary
arteries: supply blood to cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
: thicker on the left side
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What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole
: atria contract, forcing blood into ventricles
Ventricular systole
: ventricles contract, blood leaves through aorta and pulmonary artery
Cardiac diastole
: heart relaxes, pressure decreases,
semilunar valves
close
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What is
atherosclerosis
?
The hardening of arteries due to
plaque
build-up
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What causes
atheroma
formation?
Damage to the
endothelium
and subsequent build-up of substances
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What is the role of
white blood cells
in
atherosclerosis
?
They move into the artery in response to inflammation
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How does
plaque formation
affect blood flow?
It narrows the
artery
and restricts blood flow
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What are the risk factors for
atherosclerosis
?
Genetics
Age
Diet
Gender
High blood pressure
High cholesterol levels
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Obesity
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How can the risk of
cardiovascular disease
(
CVD
) be reduced?
By stopping
smoking
, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy diet
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What are some
cardiovascular
diseases caused by
atherosclerosis
?
Angina
, stroke,
myocardial infarction
, and
aneurysms
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What is
thrombosis
?
Blood clotting
that prevents blood loss and entry of
microorganisms
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What are the steps in the blood clotting process?
Platelets
attach to exposed collagen fibers
Thromboplastin
is released, converting
prothrombin
to thrombin
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen
to fibrin
Fibrin forms a network trapping platelets and red blood cells
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What is
energy balance
?
The balance of
calories
consumed versus calories burned
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What happens if more
calories
are burned than consumed?
It leads to
weight loss
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How is
BMI
calculated?
By dividing body mass in
kilograms
by height in
meters
squared
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What does a
BMI
value below 18 indicate?
That the individual is
underweight
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What does a
BMI
value above 30 indicate?
That the individual is
obese
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What essential substances do animals require to survive?
Oxygen
and
carbon dioxide
View source
How do small organisms meet their transport needs?
Through
diffusion
due to large
surface area
View source
What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as organism size increases?
It
decreases
View source
Why does diffusion become insufficient in larger organisms?
Because diffusion distance increases and
metabolic rate
rises
View source
What is a mass transport system in larger organisms composed of?
Heart and
circulation
View source
What are the features of a mass transport system?
A network to move through (e.g.,
vessels
)
A
medium
for movement (e.g., blood)
Controlled direction for
substance
movement
Maintenance of speed through
heart contraction
View source
See all 219 cards
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