Foreign Policy

• What were the main aims of Henry VII's foreign policy?


  National security, recognition of the Tudor dynasty, and defending English trading while promoting trade
• What was Henry VII's first major foreign policy involvement?


  • Relationship with Brittany
  • France invaded Brittany in 1487
  • Henry felt obligated to help Brittany due to past support
• Why did Henry VII feel obligated to help Brittany?


  Because they had helped him as a refugee before he came to the throne
• How much government aid did Henry VII receive for Brittany in 1489?


  £100,000
• What was the Treaty of Redon and when was it agreed?


  • Agreed in February 1489
  • Duchess of Anne paid for a small English army
  • Aimed to defend Brittany from French threat
• Who did Henry VII attempt to ally with to strengthen his position regarding Brittany?


  Maximilian, the Holy Roman Emperor
• What was the outcome of Henry's invasion of France in 1492?


  France sought a settlement peace
• What were the terms of the Treaty of Etaples (1492)?


  • France agreed to pay Henry an annual pension of £5,000
  • Promised not to support Henry's Yorkist rivals
  • Marked a diplomatic victory for Henry
• How did Henry VII's foreign policy towards France enhance his prestige?


  By turning a potential military defeat into a diplomatic victory
• What was the significance of the Treaty of Medina del Campo signed in 1489?


  • Established mutual defense with Spain
  • Agreement on trade
  • Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
• Who ruled Spain during Henry VII's reign?


  Ferdinand and Isabella
• What event in 1501 solidified the alliance between England and Spain?


  The marriage of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
• How did the death of Isabella in 1504 affect Henry VII's foreign policy?


  It made Ferdinand less politically significant and weakened the alliance
• What was the impact of Arthur's sudden death in 1502 on Henry's foreign policy?


  It weakened the alliance with Spain
• What was Henry VII's approach to the Netherlands under Margaret of Burgundy?


  He imposed a trade embargo in 1493
• What was the effect of the trade embargo imposed by Henry VII on the Netherlands?


  It hurt English merchants, especially in the cloth trade
• What were the Navigation Acts of 1485-86?


  • Required English merchants to use English ships
  • Encouraged English shipbuilding
  • Aimed to reduce reliance on foreign ships
• What was the outcome of the Intercursus Magnus signed in 1496?


  It restored trade and normalized relations with the Netherlands
• What was the overall success of Henry VII's policy with the Netherlands?


  • Secured favorable trade terms
  • Diminished support for Yorkist pretenders
  • Trade embargo initially harmed merchants
• What was the relationship between England and Scotland during 1485-1495?


  Relations were tense due to traditional enmity
• Who supported Perkin Warbeck during 1495-1497?


  King James IV of Scotland
• What was the significance of the Treaty of Ayton signed in 1497?


  • First peace treaty between England and Scotland in over 50 years
  • Signed after Warbeck's failed invasion
  • Marked a step towards peace
• What dynastic alliance was created in 1502 between England and Scotland?


  Marriage of Margaret Tudor to James IV
• What was Henry VII's policy towards Ireland?


  • Cautious conciliation with pro-Yorkist lords
  • Reappointed Earl of Kildare as Lord Deputy
  • Implemented Poynings' Law for English control
• What was the outcome of Henry VII's Irish policy?


  It was only partially successful; Ireland remained a Yorkist stronghold
• How did Henry VII aim to increase Mediterranean trade?


  • Cut exports of raw wool to Venice
  • Continued exports to Florence
  • Aimed to reduce English taxes by Venice
• What was the result of Henry VII's actions regarding Venice in 1490?


  Venice cut the English taxes
• How did England's trade compare to Venice and Spain?


  England's trade was still small in comparison
• What were the main aims of Henry VII's foreign policy?

  National security, recognition of the Tudor dynasty, and defending English trade.
• What was Henry VII's first major foreign policy involvement?

  • Relationship with Brittany
  • France invaded Brittany in 1487
  • Henry felt obligated to help Brittany
• Why did Henry VII feel obligated to help Brittany?

  Because they had helped him as a refugee before he came to the throne.
• How much government aid did Henry VII receive for Brittany in 1489?

  £100,000
• What was the Treaty of Redon?

  • Signed in February 1489
  • Duchess of Anne paid for a small English army
  • Aimed to defend Brittany from French threat
• What was the outcome of Henry VII's alliance with Maximilian the HRE?

  Maximilian lost interest in supporting the English after Anne married Charles VIII.
• What prompted Henry VII to launch an invasion of France in 1492?

  He wanted to force a peace settlement after realizing Brittany could not be saved.
• What was the Treaty of Etaples?

  A treaty in which France agreed to pay Henry an annual pension of £5,000.
• What financial benefits did Henry VII gain from his foreign policy towards France?

  He gained significant financial benefits and secured a promise from France not to support Yorkist rivals.
• What were the successes and failures of Henry VII's policy towards France?

  Successes:

  • Avoided costly conflict
  • Gained financial benefits
  • Secured peace

  
  

  Failures:

  • Failed to protect Brittany's independence
• Who ruled Spain during Henry VII's reign?

  Ferdinand and Isabella
• What was established by the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489?

  Mutual defense, trade agreements, and a marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon.