Basic biochemistry test revision

• What are inorganic ions also called?


  Minerals
• Why do living organisms need inorganic ions?


  They are important for processes like muscle contraction and nervous coordination
• What are the two groups of inorganic ions based on their required concentrations?

  • Macronutrients: needed in small concentrations
  • Micronutrients: needed in minute concentrations
• What is the role of magnesium (Mg) in plants?


  It is an important constituent of chlorophyll
• What condition results from a lack of magnesium in plants?


  Chlorosis, which causes yellow leaves
• How does a lack of magnesium affect plant growth?


  It often leads to stunted growth due to lack of glucose
• What is the role of iron (Fe) in mammals?


  It is a constituent of hemoglobin
• What condition can result from a lack of iron in the human diet?

  Anaemia
• What are phosphate ions (PO) used for in biological systems?


  They are used for making nucleotides, including ATP
• What is a key component of phospholipids?


  Phosphate ions
• What is the role of calcium (Ca) in mammals?


  It is an important structural component of bones
• How does calcium contribute to plant structure?


  It is a component of plant cell walls
• What are the four macronutrients described in the study material?


  1. Magnesium (Mg)
  2. Iron (Fe)
  3. Phosphate ions (PO)
  4. Calcium (Ca)
• What is the significance of phosphate ions in ATP structure?


  They are part of the three phosphate groups in ATP
• What happens to leaves of plants that lack magnesium?


  The leaves turn yellow due to chlorophyll deficiency
• How does the role of iron in the body relate to oxygen transport?


  Iron is essential for the formation of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen
• What are the key components mentioned in the exam tip?

  • Lipids
  • Triglycerides
• What is the emulsion test used for?


  To test for fats and oils
• What are the implications of saturated fats for human health?


  Saturated fats can lead to higher cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease
• How does the presence of saturated fats affect cholesterol levels in the body?


  Higher saturated fat intake leads to higher cholesterol levels
• What are the properties of lipids?


  • Insoluble in water
  • Soluble in organic solvents
  • Store energy
  • Provide insulation
  • Form cell membranes
• What is a potential consequence of high saturated fat intake?

  Coronary heart disease
• If a diet is high in saturated fats, what health issue might arise?


  Increased risk of heart disease
• What is the relationship between saturated fats and cholesterol levels?


  Higher saturated fats lead to higher cholesterol levels
• What does the term "emulsion" refer to in the context of the emulsion test?


  An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water
• What might be the long-term effects of consuming high levels of saturated fats?


  Increased risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease
• Sucrose

  Non-reducing sugar
• Glucose

  Reducing sugar
• All monosacchairdes are

  Reducing sugars
• Disaccharides can be


  Reducing or non-reducing sugars