Communication Strategies

• What is the term first defined by Canale and Swain in 1980 related to communication strategies?


  Strategic competence
• How is strategic competence defined according to Canale and Swain (1980)?


  It refers to verbal and non-verbal communication strategies to compensate for communication breakdowns.
• What are the components of the Achievement Strategy?

  • Approximation strategy
  • Circumlocution or paraphrase
  • Code-switching
  • Non-linguistic means
• What does the approximation strategy involve?

  Using a term that closely expresses the meaning of the target lexical item.
• Give an example of approximation strategy.


  Using "ship" for "sailing boat."
• What is circumlocution or paraphrase?


  Describing or exemplifying the target object or action.
• Provide an example of circumlocution.


  Describing "a small and fast military plane" for "fighters."
• What is code-switching (CS)?


  Using two or more language varieties in the same speech event.
• Give an example of code-switching.


  Switching to a first language when forgetting an English word.
• What are non-linguistic means in communication?


  They refer to mime, gesture, or imitation.
• Provide an example of non-linguistic means.


  Clapping one’s hands to illustrate applause.
• What is the Time-gaining Strategy also known as?


  • Stalling strategy
  • Helps to gain time during communication difficulties
  • Involves fillers
• What are fillers according to Bygate (1987)?


  Expressions like "well," "erm," and "you see" used to fill pauses in speech.
• What are silent pauses?


  Silent breaks between words.
• What are filled pauses?


  Gaps filled by expressions like "um," "er," or "mm."
• What does the Self-monitoring Strategy involve?


  • Identifying and self-correcting mistakes
  • Using phrases that allow for self-repair
• What are the components of the Interacting Strategy?


  • Appeals for help/clarification
  • Meaning negotiation
  • Comprehension and confirmation checks
• What is an example of an appeal for help?


  "I do not understand; what does it mean?"
• What is an example of asking for clarification?


  "What did you say?"
• What is an example of asking for confirmation?


  "Do you mean this section?"
• What is a comprehension check?


  "Do you understand?"
• What does the Social Strategy involve?


  • Seeking out native speakers
  • Actively looking for opportunities to use the target language
• Who is the author of the reference cited in the study material?


  1. Colle
• When was the reference published?

  February 9, 2024
• What is the title of the reference cited in the study material?


  5 Types of Strategic Competence based on Celce- Murcia et al. (2008) Theory