medicine through time

• What role did the church play in the training of doctors later in the medieval period?


  The church set up universities for doctor training
• How did armies contribute to the experience of doctors during wars?


  Armies took trained doctors to war, allowing them to gain experience as surgeons
• What was the role of merchants and scholars in the medieval period regarding medical knowledge?


  They traveled around Europe sharing ideas
• How did the Christian Church influence education during the Middle Ages?


  Monasteries controlled education and opened medical schools
• Why were priests and monks significant in the context of medieval education?


  They were the only people who could read
• What efforts did monasteries make regarding public health?


  They provided clean running water and toilets
• Who controlled medical care for the poor in medieval times?


  Hospitals set up by monasteries
• What was the primary function of medieval hospitals?


  To provide hospitality for visitors
• Why were genuinely ill people often turned away from medieval hospitals?


  Due to fear of disease spreading
• What happened to Galen's ideas during the medieval period?


  They were rediscovered and accepted by church leaders
• Why did church leaders find Galen's works acceptable?


  Because he referred to "the creator" in his works
• How did Galen influence doctors in the Arabic world and medieval Christian Europe?


  His ideas had great influence on their medical practices
• Where did medical schools begin to appear in Western Europe?

  Starting with the one in Salerno, Italy
• What was the significance of translations of Galen's and Hippocrates' works in medical schools?


  They were accepted as absolute truth
• What did Islamic scholars do with the ideas from the Greeks?


  They picked up and developed those ideas
• What were Aristotle's four humours?


  They were a theory that influenced medieval medicine
• How did the attitude of Muslims towards the Koran affect their view of Galen's works?


  They were unwilling to criticize his works
• What did medieval doctors believe caused illness?


  An imbalance of the four humours
• How did the theory of the four humours evolve during the medieval period?


  It developed into a more complex system based on the position of the stars
• What was the significance of human dissection in medical schools?


  It allowed for a better understanding of the human body
• What new technique was introduced for diagnosis in medieval medicine?


  Diagnosis by urine sample
• How did astrology influence medieval medicine?


  Doctors relied on astrology when deciding on treatments
• Why was trained medical care expensive during the medieval period?


  Because trained doctors were costly
• What did the church believe about illness during the medieval period?


  It was a punishment for sins
• What were some superstitious beliefs held by doctors during the medieval period?


  They said magical words and consulted stars
• What was the demand for surgery in the Middle Ages attributed to?

  Warfare
• Why was surgery held in low regard during the Middle Ages?


  Many procedures were left to untrained barber-surgeons
• What was the first antiseptic used in surgery?


  Wine
• Why were surgical treatments considered simple during the Middle Ages?


  Major surgery was risky
• What public health measures were lacking in medieval towns?


  Public health schemes
• What did people rely on for sanitation in medieval towns?


  Cesspits and wells
• Why did people prefer to drink beer over water in medieval times?


  Because they found it healthier
• How was the Black Death spread?


  By coughs, sneezes, or flea bites from black rats
• When did the Black Death arrive in Britain?


  In 1348
• What were some symptoms of the Black Death?


  Exhaustion, high temperatures, swellings, and difficulty breathing
• What quarantine measure was implemented for ships during the Black Death?


  Ships were made to wait 40 days before landing
• What was the miasma theory regarding the cause of the plague?


  It suggested that bad air caused disease
• How did people try to appease God during the plague?


  By praying or becoming flagellants
• What treatments were used for humours believed to be out of balance?


  Use of opposites, purging, vomiting, and bloodletting
• Who was wrongly blamed for poisoned water during the plague?

  The Jews