Geo

• What is deposition in river processes?


  Deposition occurs when the velocity of a river decreases.
• Why does deposition happen in rivers?


  It happens because the river has less energy to carry the sediment load.
• Which material is deposited first during deposition?


  The heaviest material is deposited first.
• Where does most deposition occur in a river?


  Most deposition occurs in the lower course, especially at the mouth of the river.
• What is hydraulic action in river erosion?


  Hydraulic action is the force of the water eroding the rock.
• What is abrasion in river processes?

  Abrasion is when pebbles grind along a rock platform causing them to become smooth.
• What happens during attrition in river processes?


  Rocks and pebbles bump into each other and break up.
• What is solution in the context of river erosion?


  Solution is when water dissolves certain types of rocks.
• What is the definition of transportation in river processes?


  Transportation is the movement of sediment by the river.
• What is meant by solution in the context of river transportation?


  Fine light material is carried along by the river.
• What is suspension in river transportation?


  Minerals are dissolved in the water, resulting in a chemical change.
• What is saltation in river transportation?


  Saltation is when small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed.
• What is traction in river transportation?


  Traction is when large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed.
• What are the landforms found in the upper course of a river?


  • Steep-sided V-shaped valleys
  • Interlocking spurs
  • Rapids
  • Waterfalls
  • Gorges
• How are waterfalls formed in the upper course of a river?


  Waterfalls are formed as the river erodes the landscape, winding to avoid hard rock.
• What happens to the soft rock during waterfall formation?


  The soft rock erodes more easily than the hard rock situated on top of it.
• What is a plunge pool in waterfall formation?


  A plunge pool is formed under the hard rock as the soft rock erodes away.
• What continues to erode the soft rock under the hard rock in waterfall formation?

  Hydraulic action and abrasion continue to erode the soft rock.
• What happens to the overhang created during waterfall formation?


  The overhang becomes unstable and collapses, causing more material to fall into the plunge pool.
• What is the result of the waterfall retreating upstream?


  The retreating waterfall creates a gorge.
• What causes V-shaped valleys?


  1. shaped valleys are formed by strong streams cutting down into the rock through downcutting.
• In what type of areas do V-shaped valleys typically form?


  They form in mountainous and/or highland areas with youthful streams.
• What is the flow characteristic of streams in their youthful stage?


  Streams flow rapidly down steep slopes.
• What are the rules governing river behavior?

  • Rivers always want to travel the quickest route.
  • Slow water leads to deposition.
  • Fast water leads to erosion.
• How are meanders formed in a river?


  Meanders are produced when water erodes the outer bend and deposits sediment on inner bends downstream.
• What is an oxbow lake?


  An oxbow lake is a curved lake formed from a horseshoe bend in a river.
• What are the key terms related to lower course landforms?

  • Floodplain
  • Pools and Riffles
  • Levees
  • Estuary
• What is a floodplain?


  A floodplain is a relatively flat area forming the valley floor on either side of a river channel that is sometimes flooded.
• What are pools and riffles in meandering streams?


  Pools are deep sections, while riffles are shallower sections formed by sediment deposition.
• How are levees formed?


  Levees are formed by repeated flooding of the river, depositing the biggest material close to the river banks.
• What happens during a flood regarding levees?


  During a flood, water flows over the banks and deposits silts, forming new levees.
• What is an estuary?


  An estuary is a tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea.
• Where is the River Tees located?


  The River Tees is located in the North-East of England.
• What is the altitude of Cross Fell?


  Cross Fell has an altitude of 600m.
• What is the annual rainfall at Cross Fell?


  The annual rainfall at Cross Fell is 1200mm.
• In which direction does the River Tees flow?


  The River Tees flows east.
• What is the width of the River at Sockburn?


  The River is 34.39m wide at Sockburn.
• What could happen if the meander continues at Sockburn?


  If the meander continues, Sockburn will be lost and an oxbow lake will form.
• What are the potential consequences for Sockburn due to flooding?


  Sockburn will be more prone to floods, and agricultural land would be lost.
• What is the height of the plunge pool at High Force waterfall?


  The plunge pool at High Force waterfall is 20m deep.