Biology mid module

• What are diseases that can spread from person to person called?

  Communicable diseases
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• What are the four types of pathogens?

  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Protist (parasite)
  • Fungi
• What are the main ways pathogens are spread?


  1. Droplet infection (coughing & sneezing)
  2. Contamination of food or drink
  3. Mixing bodily fluids
• What are the methods to prevent the spread of pathogens?

  • Catch it, bin it, kill it
  • Wash hands regularly
  • Barrier methods of contraception
  • Vaccinations
• What happens when a virus infects a host cell?


  It reproduces rapidly inside the host cell
• What is a consequence of viral infection in host cells?


  It causes damage to the host cell
• How do viruses make us feel ill?


  By causing damage to host cells
• How do bacteria reproduce?


  They reproduce rapidly
• What do bacteria release that causes damage to tissues?


  Toxins (poisons)
• How do bacterial toxins affect our health?


  They make us feel ill
• What are Salmonella bacteria commonly found in?


  Many different animals
• How is Salmonella primarily spread?


  By eating undercooked food
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella infection?


  Abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, and vomiting
• What type of disease is Gonorrhoea?


  A sexually transmitted disease
• How is Gonorrhoea spread?


  By unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?


  Discharge from the vagina and pain on urination
• What are the prevention methods for Gonorrhoea?


  • Use condoms
  • Limit sexual partners
• What are the treatment options for Gonorrhoea?


  • Antibiotics can be prescribed
• How can the spread of Gonorrhoea be prevented in food handling?


  • Keep poultry/vaccinated away from raw food
  • Wash hands well
  • Cook chicken thoroughly
• What is a strain of Gonorrhoea that is resistant to antibiotics called?


  Super gonorrhoea
• What effect does TMV have on plant growth?


  It stunts plant growth
• How does TMV affect chlorophyll levels in plants?


  It reduces the amount of chlorophyll
• What is the consequence of reduced energy for protein synthesis due to TMV?


  It reduces the energy needed to join amino acids together to form proteins
• How can Measles be controlled?


  • Vaccination
• What is the mechanism for the spread of Measles?


  • Droplet infection through talking, coughing, and sneezing
  • Inhaling droplets that carry the virus
• How can HIV be controlled?


  • Use of barrier methods like condoms
• What is the mechanism for the spread of TMV?


  • Enters plants via wounds
  • Gains access through infected plant materials
• How can TMV be controlled?


  • Removal of infected plant materials
  • Controlling pests
  • Sterilizing tools
  • Washing hands after handling infected plants
• What are the symptoms of Fungal Diseases like Athletes foot?


  Red rash between toes
• How is Athletes foot treated?


  • Treated by antifungal cream
• Why does Athletes foot spread easily around a pool?


  Because everyone is walking around barefoot
• What is the vector for Malaria?


  Mosquitoes
• What causes Malaria?

  A parasite called Plasmodium
• How do mosquitoes transmit Malaria?


  By feeding on animals and picking up the parasite
• What are the prevention methods for Malaria?


  • Spray insecticides in homes
  • Use bed nets covering windows
  • Take malaria tablets
• What are the symptoms of Malaria?


  Chills, repeating episodes of fever, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness
• How is climate change affecting Malaria?


  It is starting to affect places at risk of malaria
• What are the two malaria vaccines mentioned?


  • One is much cheaper
  • Should be used alongside other preventive methods
• What is combination therapy for Malaria?


  • It prevents someone from becoming immune to the protist
  • It is more effective