PSYCH U3 AOS2

• How is learning commonly defined?


  As a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
• What are the two ways learning can occur?


  Intentionally and unintentionally
• Give an example of intentional learning.


  Taking piano lessons
• Give an example of unintentional learning.


  Watching or hearing someone else play piano
• What is the difference between active and passive learning?


  Active learning involves direct engagement, while passive learning does not
• What do behaviorist approaches to learning focus on?


  The behaviors that can be directly observed and recorded
• What is classical conditioning?


  A process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
• What is the first stage of classical conditioning?


  Before conditioning
• What occurs during the 'Before Conditioning' stage?


  The neutral stimulus has no associations and does not produce a significant response
• What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?


  A stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning
• What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?


  A stimulus that produces an unconscious response
• What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?


  A naturally occurring behavior in response to a stimulus
• What happens during the 'During Conditioning' stage?


  The neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• How should the neutral stimulus (NS) be presented in relation to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?


  The NS should be presented half a second before the UCS
• What occurs during the 'After Conditioning' stage?


  The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response
• What is a conditioned stimulus?


  The stimulus that produces a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
• What is a conditioned response?


  The response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented
• What is a key characteristic of classical conditioning?


  It is passive and involuntary
• How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?


  Operant conditioning is voluntary and involves active participation
• What are the three phases of operant conditioning?


  Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
• What is an antecedent in operant conditioning?


  An environmental stimulus that triggers an action
• What is behavior in the context of operant conditioning?


  Any action that occurs because of the antecedent
• What is a consequence in operant conditioning?


  Something that makes the behavior more or less likely to occur again
• What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?


  It always strengthens the likelihood of behavior occurring again
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?


  It always weakens the likelihood of behavior occurring again
• What is a positive reinforcer?


  A reward that strengthens a response by providing a pleasant consequence
• What is a negative reinforcer?


  The removal, reduction, or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus
• What is a punisher?


  Any stimulus that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a response
• What is positive punishment?


  A behavior followed by a negative experience
• What is negative punishment?


  A form of punishment that entails something desirable being removed
• What does 'negative' mean in the context of operant conditioning?


  Something is taken away
• What does 'positive' mean in the context of operant conditioning?


  Something is given
• What is the socio-cognitive approach to learning?


  It explains how individuals process, remember, and learn information in social contexts
• What is observational learning?


  A social-cognitive approach that occurs when a learner observes a model's actions and consequences
• How is observational learning different from operant conditioning?


  It is more active and efficient, involving complex cognitive processes
• What is the first step in observational learning?


  Attention
• What factors increase the likelihood of a learner observing a model?


  If the model is attractive, famous, credible, or similar to the learner
• What is the second step in observational learning?

  Retention
• What does retention involve in observational learning?


  Storing a mental representation of the model’s behavior for future use
• What is the third step in observational learning?


  Reproduction