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• What is the field of Personality Theory in psychology?


  It seeks to understand and explain the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make each individual unique.
• What questions does Personality Theory explore?


  It explores why people differ in behavior, what causes these differences, and how they can be measured and understood.
• What is the origin of the word "personality"?


  It originated from the Latin word "persona," referring to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors.
• How is personality defined in terms of traits and characteristics?


  Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give consistency and individuality to behavior.
• What role do traits play in personality?

  Traits contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations.
• What are characteristics in the context of personality?


  Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual, including attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
• How is a theory defined in psychology?


  A theory is a systematically organized and coherent set of principles or propositions that aim to explain and predict a particular aspect of the world.
• What is the primary objective of a theory?


  The primary objective is to provide a structured framework that helps researchers make sense of complex phenomena and establish causal relationships.
• What are the components of a theory?

  1. Concepts: Building blocks representing abstract ideas.
  2. Variables: Measurable aspects of concepts, can be independent or dependent.
  3. Hypotheses: Testable propositions stating expected relationships between variables.
  4. Assumptions: Foundational beliefs guiding the development of the theory.
  5. Laws: Universally accepted statements describing observed regularities.
• How do theories guide research?

  Theories provide a roadmap for conducting research, helping formulate hypotheses and design experiments systematically.
• What is the explanatory power of theories?


  Theories explain why and how phenomena occur, aiding in a deeper understanding of the world.
• What is the predictive value of theories?


  Predictive theories enable anticipation of future events and outcomes, crucial for decision-making.
• How do theories facilitate communication in academia?

  Theories serve as a common language, allowing researchers to communicate ideas and findings effectively.
• How do theories drive progress and innovation?


  The development of new theories challenges existing ideas and pushes the boundaries of knowledge.
• What does it mean for a theory to be falsifiable?


  It means there must be a way to test the theory and potentially prove it wrong through empirical evidence.
• Who introduced the concept of falsifiability?


  Karl Popper introduced the concept of falsifiability.
• What does it mean for a theory to be parsimonious?


  It means the theory is simple and concise while explaining a wide range of phenomena.
• What principle is associated with parsimony in theory construction?


  Occam's Razor suggests that the simplest explanation is often the best.
• What are the dimensions for a concept of humanity?

  1. Determinism Versus Free Choice
  2. Pessimism Versus Optimism
  3. Causality Versus Teleology
  4. Conscious Versus Unconscious Determinants
  5. Biological Versus Social Factors
  6. Uniqueness Versus Similarities in People
• What does the dimension of Determinism Versus Free Choice explore?


  It explores the extent to which behavior is determined by external factors or driven by individual agency and choice.
• What does the dimension of Pessimism Versus Optimism examine?


  It examines whether human nature is inherently negative or inclined towards positive actions.
• What does Causality Versus Teleology refer to?


  Causality refers to cause-and-effect relationships, while teleology suggests purpose and intentionality behind actions.
• What does the dimension of Conscious Versus Unconscious Determinants consider?


  It considers the influence of conscious thought versus unconscious processes in shaping behavior.
• What does the dimension of Biological Versus Social Factors examine?


  It examines the impact of biological factors versus social factors on shaping human nature.
• What does the dimension of Uniqueness Versus Similarities in People address?


  It addresses whether there are inherent qualities that make individuals unique or if there are fundamental similarities among humans.
• What are the twin cornerstones of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?


  Sex and aggression are the twin cornerstones of psychoanalysis.
• What are the key aspects of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?


  • Spread beyond Viennese origins by dedicated followers.
  • Freud's command of language made his theories engaging.
  • Based on experiences with patients and self-analysis.
• What did Freud insist regarding eclecticism in psychoanalysis?


  Freud insisted that psychoanalysis could not be subjected to eclecticism.
• What method did Freud rely on more than rigorous research methods?


  Freud relied more on deductive reasoning than on rigorous research methods.
• When was Sigmund Freud born?


  May 6, 1856.
• Where was Sigmund Freud born?


  Freiberg, Moravia (now Příbor, Czech Republic).
• How many siblings did Sigmund Freud have?


  He was the first of eight children.
• What was Freud's relationship with his mother like?


  Freud enjoyed a warm, indulgent relationship with his mother.
• What did Freud observe about the mother/son relationship?


  He observed it was the most perfect and free from ambivalence of all human relationships.
• How long did Freud live in Vienna?


  Nearly 80 years.
• Why did Freud emigrate to London in 1938?


  He emigrated due to the Nazi invasion.
• When did Sigmund Freud die?


  September 23, 1939.
• What feelings did Freud harbor towards his younger brother Julius?


  Freud felt hostility and had an unconscious wish for his death.
• What was Freud's initial intention when entering medical school?


  He entered with no intention of practicing medicine.
• What did Freud believe about his academic opportunities as a Jew?


  He believed his opportunities for academic advancement would be limited.