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Year 2 Medical Microbiology
week 3 medical microbiology
mycobacteria
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Cards (46)
What is the shape of
Mycobacteria
?
Unicellular
and
branched
rods
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What type of bacteria are
Mycobacteria
classified as?
Gram positive
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What is a key feature of the
Mycobacteria
cell wall?
It contains sugars, proteins, and a lot of
lipid
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What staining method is used for
Mycobacteria
?
Acid fast staining using
Ziehl Neelson
stain
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What is the primary stain used in the
Ziehl Neelson
method?
Carbol fuchsin
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What is the purpose of
destaining
in the
Ziehl Neelson
method?
To remove excess stain using
acid alcohol
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What color do
Mycobacteria
appear after the
Ziehl Neelson
staining process?
Red
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What color do non-Mycobacteria appear after the
Ziehl Neelson
staining process?
Blue
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How are
Mycobacteria
grouped based on their growth rates?
FAST
growers: 1-2 days on plates (e.g.,
M.phlei
, Msmegmatis)
SLOW
growers: several weeks (e.g.,
M.tuberculosis
,
M.bovis
)
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Which
Mycobacterium
is closely related to tuberculosis?
bovis
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What is the
primary
pathogen
associated
with HIV among Mycobacteria?
avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum
complex
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What is the causative agent of
tuberculosis
?
tuberculosis
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What are the general clinical manifestations of
tuberculosis
?
Fever
,
weight loss
, weakness, persistent cough
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What causes the symptoms of
tuberculosis
?
Result from the
inflammatory response
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What type of infection is most common in
tuberculosis
cases?
Pulmonary infection
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How can
tuberculosis
spread in the body?
It may spread to the
central nervous system
,
lymphatic system
,
genitourinary systems
,
bones
, and
joints
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What is the primary route of transmission for
tuberculosis
?
Aerosol
travels to
alveoli
of lungs
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What happens when
M. tuberculosis
is engulfed by
alveolar macrophages
?
If activated, the host may clear the bacteria; if unactivated, bacteria survive and replicate
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What is a
granulomatous tubercle
?
A structure formed when
bacteria
attract more cells and damage tissue
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What can happen to a
tubercle
over time?
It can remain silent or allow release of
viable bacteria
leading to reactivation
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What does the
inflammatory response
correlate with in
tuberculosis
?
It correlates with the degree of
cavitation
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How does
HIV
affect the
infectivity
of
pulmonary tuberculosis
?
It decreases infectivity in late HIV
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What role do steroids play in
tuberculosis
treatment?
Steroids
increase the rate of
sputum clearance
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What are the methods for diagnosing tuberculosis?
Radiology
Microscopy
of sputum for acid fast rods
Culture of sputum samples on specific media
PCR
Immunological
T cell
response to
TB
antigens
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What is the purpose of the
Lowenstein Jenson medium
in
tuberculosis
culture?
To grow
sputum
samples while inhibiting other bacteria
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What is the goal of preventive vaccination for
tuberculosis
?
To prevent establishment of
infection
and disease development
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What is the main
antibiotic
treatment for
active tuberculosis
?
First line
oral anti-TB drugs
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What are the first line oral anti-TB drugs?
Isoniazid
,
Rifampicin
, Ethambutol,
Pyrazinamide
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What factors contribute to the varying efficacy of the
BCG
vaccine?
Differences between vaccine
sub-strains
and
genetic
differences between populations
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What is the source of the
BCG
vaccine?
Derived from
M. bovis
by serial passage
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What is the treatment regimen for
new
tuberculosis
cases?
First line oral
anti-TB
drugs for
6 months
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What is the definition of
MDR-TB
?
Resistant to at least
rifampicin
and
isoniazid
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What is the definition of
XDR-TB
?
Resistant to
rifampicin
,
isoniazid
, any
fluoroquinolone
, and at least one
injectable
second line drug
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What is required for the treatment regimen of
MDR-TB
?
At least
4
potentially active drugs
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What is one of the new drugs used for
MDR-TB
treatment?
Bedaquiline
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What is the global success rate for treating
MDR-TB
?
55%
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What are the treatment options for
leprosy
?
Dapsone
is the most used antibiotic
Multidrug therapy may include
clofazamine
and
rifampicin
Treatment for
lepromatous
leprosy may be for
life
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What is the causative agent of leprosy?
Mycobacterium
leprae
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How many people were affected by
leprosy
in
1985
compared to now?
15 million in 1985, now less than
0.5 million
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What is unique about the growth of
Mycobacterium leprae
?
It is
non-cultivatable
but can be grown in
9 banded armadillos
and mouse footpads
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