schizophrenia

• How is schizophrenia defined by the DSM-5?

  As a chronic mental illness present for at least one year
• What does it mean that schizophrenia is classified as a 'chronic' mental illness?

  It indicates that the illness is likely ongoing and significantly impedes daily life
• What is the ICD-11's definition of schizophrenia?

  A psychotic disorder characterized by severe impairments in determining reality
• How did the DSM-IV classify schizophrenia?

  According to whether at least one positive symptom was present
• How does the DSM-5 classify schizophrenia?

  By whether the patient has experienced at least two positive or negative symptoms
• What was the classification criterion for schizophrenia in the ICD-10?

  It required the presence of two or more negative symptoms
• What is the classification criterion for schizophrenia in the ICD-11?


  It requires at least two positive or negative symptoms to be present
• How long must psychotic symptoms be present for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the ICD-11 and DSM-5?

  At least one month for both, with DSM-5 requiring up to 6 months
• Why is diagnosing schizophrenia challenging?

  Because it does not present as one set of clear-cut symptoms
• What are the key classification criteria for schizophrenia in DSM-5 and ICD-11?

  • DSM-5: At least two positive or negative symptoms
  • ICD-11: At least two positive or negative symptoms
  • Psychotic symptoms must be present for at least one month
  • DSM-5 requires symptoms to continue for up to 6 months
• What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Hallucinations and delusions
• What are hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia?

  They are perceptions such as hearing voices or seeing distortions that are not present.
• What can hallucinations in schizophrenia involve?

  Voices talking to the patient, seeing distortions, or seeing things that are not there.
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  They are misguided or irrational beliefs held by the patient.
• Give an example of a delusion a patient with schizophrenia might have.

  A belief that they are Jesus or that the CIA is spying on them.
• How can positive symptoms of schizophrenia affect the patient and others?

  They may cause alarm and distress to both the patient and others.
• Why are positive symptoms of schizophrenia considered active manifestations of the illness?

  Because they represent overt expressions of the disorder.
• Are schizophrenic patients typically a danger to others?

  No, a schizophrenic patient is rarely a danger to anyone else.
• What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Symptoms that reflect a withdrawal from life, such as speech poverty and avolition
• What does speech poverty/disorganisation in schizophrenia refer to?


  It refers to difficulties in conversation due to delayed responses and lack of vocabulary
• How can alogia manifest in a person with schizophrenia?

  As delayed responses, lack of vocabulary, and incoherent speech
• What is avolition in the context of schizophrenia?

  A lack of motivation to engage in life or take care of oneself
• What behaviors might indicate avolition in a person with schizophrenia?

  Neglecting personal hygiene and failing to engage in pleasurable activities
• Why are negative symptoms of schizophrenia harder to diagnose than positive symptoms?

  Because they are less noticeable and resemble symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
• How do negative symptoms of schizophrenia differ from positive symptoms?

  Negative symptoms involve withdrawal from life, while positive symptoms involve active manifestations of the illness
• What is a key characteristic of negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

  They reflect a lack of motivation and engagement in life
• How do negative symptoms of schizophrenia relate to Major Depressive Disorder?

  They share similarities, making diagnosis challenging
• What must a diagnosis of schizophrenia show to be considered reliable?

  Consistency and agreement across diagnosing clinicians
• What does inter-rater reliability refer to in the context of diagnosing schizophrenia?

  It refers to the agreement among clinicians diagnosing the same patient
• What issues arise when clinicians disagree on a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  It indicates problems with reliability in the diagnostic process
• What can lead to an unreliable diagnosis of schizophrenia?


  Using different diagnostic tools by clinicians
• What are the two diagnostic manuals mentioned that may cause inconsistency in diagnosis?

  The DSM and the ICD
• What does the validity of diagnosis refer to?

  It refers to the 'realness' of what is being measured in the diagnosis
• What might indicate an invalid diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  When a clinician diagnoses an illness that does not fit the patient's symptoms
• What is an example of an invalid diagnosis related to schizophrenia?

  Diagnosing Someone with schizophrenia instead of dissociative identity disorder
• What type of study did Santelmann et al. (2016) conduct?

  Meta-analysis
• How many studies were included in Santelmann et al.'s (2016) meta-analysis?

  25 studies
• What was the total sample size of patients in Santelmann et al.'s (2016) meta-analysis?

  7912 patients
• Which mental illness had lower inter-rater reliability compared to major depressive disorder and bi-polar disorder according to Santelmann et al. (2016)?

  Schizophrenia
• What type of experiment did Rosenhan (1973) conduct?

  Field experiment