Mary i

• Accession of Mary i

  People loved her being the daughter of Henry. Her stubborness in relion and marriage will cost her the support of the public.
• Government

  The privy council ran the country on the day to day basis. The Book of Rates 1558 improved crown income from custom duties. Reversal of debasement. Botched local elections ensured she had a pro- catholic House of Commons.
• Parliament

  Only met 6 times and generally cooperated
• She married Philip ii of Spain (Catholic) in July 1554
• Mary was crowned on October 1st, 1553
• Simon Renard

  Most important advisor to Mary. He was the ambassador to England from the Holy Roman Empire
• Sir Francis Englefield

  Personal friend and influencial advisor to Mary. His influence helped bring about severe punishments for protestants earning her the title Bloody Mary
• Mary's Main domestic aims

  Restore catholic pratices to England.
• Aims of foreign policy

  • Reestablish ties with Rome
  • Ally England to the Spanish Hasberg through the friendship of Charles V and marriage to Phillip of Spain
• Treaty of Vaucleels 


  Established a truce between France and Spain. This ended when Spain attacked anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV. Phillip demanded Mary's support but Mary refused.
• War with france 


  7th June 1557- England declares war on France. Garrisons stenghten in Scotland. Spanish victory in 1st battle
• 1558 England 


  France launched a surprise attack on Calis in Jan 1558. 2,000 English troops faced 27,000 French who took back Calis within 3 weeks.
• Achievements in foreign policy

  • Mary didn't surrender to Phillip's will throughout her reign showing she put England first- until 1557
  • Able to arrest Stafford quickly
  • Strengthened the armed forces increasing the number of ships from 3 to 21
  • Mary couldn't have allied with France so Hasbergs were only option
• Failures of foreign policy

  • Marriage and support with Spain meant Mary lost support
  • Protecting England's interest didn't seem like her priority to her people
  • England became a battleground for Hasberg-Valois war
  • Loss of Calis
  • Led to Spain becoming enemy of England during Elizabeth's reign
• Religious Changes 


  Oct 1553 - First Act of Appeal which removed all religious-based legislation from Edward's reign

  1554 - All Protestant bishops were replaced with Catholic

  Nov 1554 - Second Act of Appeal which abolishes post-1529 religious legislation

  1555 - Act of Heresy allows for prosecution of Protestant heretics
• Factors Hindering Catholic Restoration

  • 6 vacancies when Protestant Bishops were replaced
  • Propandga opportunities were not taken advantage of
  • Pope Paul IV was anti-hasberg and in dispute with Phillip
• Persecution 


  280 people were burnt at the stake for Heresy. This decreased her popularity and failed to extinguish Protestantism due to lack of time
• Wyatt's rebellion - Causes 


  Religion discontent with Catholicism

  Xenophobia (fear of foreigners) of Mary's husband Phillip

  Decline in Cloth trade
• Wyatt's Rebellion 1554 - Events 


  25th Jan - Wyatt raises 3,000 men and starts the rebellion in Maidstone

  28th Jan - Duke of Norfolk's force was defeated

  1st Feb - Mary rallies support with a speech at Guildhall

  3rd Feb - Rebels reach Southwark but can't cross into the City

  7th Feb - Rebels are stopped at Ludgate and Wyatt surrenders