Definitions

• Stopped sounds


  Air momentarily stopped from being released

  • 'p' in aspirations?
• Reduplication


  Same vowel consonant continuation is repeated 'da da da'
• Variegated Babbling


  • Stopped sounds
  • Reduplications
  • Vowel changes changes 'da dee' opposed to 'da da da'
• Consonant cluster


  number of consonants are combined

  • /fr/
• Friction sounds


  Vibration whilst air is released

  • 's' in pleasure
• Communitive Competence


  Ability to form accurate and understandable utterances using the grammar system to understand social context for using them
• Protowords


  Between ages 9-12 months

  • Word-like vocalisations don't match actual words but used consistently for same meaning - scribble talk
  • 'mmm!' to mean 'give me that!' with accompanying gestures such as pointing - supporting verbal message
• Holophrastic


  Between ages 12-18 months old

  • Conveys whole sentence in one word
  • Intentionally conveying meaning through word choices
  • First words often 'mummy' & 'daddy' and larger proportion of first words are concrete nouns
• Babbling:


  --Easy--

  • stopped sounds
  • reduplications
  • variegated dabbling
  • consonant cluster
  • friction sounds

  --Difficult--
• Intonation

  Rise and fall of pitch or tone during speech
• Babbling phase: Phonemic Expansion


  Number of different phonemes produced increases
• Babbling phase: Phonemic Contraction


  Number of phonemes produced are reduced to phonemes typically found in their native language of speakers around them
• Deletion


  Omitting the final consonant in words

  • e.g. do(g), cu(p)
• Substitution


  Substituting one sound for another (especially the 'harder' sounds that develop later)

  • e.g. 'pip' for 'ship'
• Addition


  Adding an extra vowel sound to the end of words

  • e.g. doggie
• Assimilation


  Changing one consonant or vowel for another (as in the early plosive sounds 'd' and 'b')

  • e.g. 'gog' for 'dog'
• Reduplication


  Repeating a whole syllable

  • e.g. dada, mama
• Consonant cluster reductions


  Consonant clusters can be difficult to articulate so children reduce them to smaller units

  • e.g. 'pider' for 'spider'
• Deletion of unstressed syllables


  Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words

  • e.g. 'nana' for 'banana'
• Active vocabulary 


  Understand and produce the word
• Passive vocabulary 


  Can only produce/pronounce word