realism

• what 3 main reasons to right realists give for crime?

  biological differences, cultural deprivation, rational choice theory
• what is meant by biological differences?


  right realists believe some people are more likely to commit crime because of their genetics
• who argued low intelligence is the main cause of crime?


  hernstein and murray
• why does cultural deprivation cause crime according to RR?


  effective socialisation can reduce the risk of criminal behaviour
• what two thigs did murray argue caused crime?


  breakdown of nuclear family and generous welfare state
• whats the underclass?


  immoral and culturally deprived people who are the most common criminals
• who came up with rational choice theory?


  clarke
• what is rational choice theory?


  the idea that crime occurs when the benefits outweigh the risks
• right realists belive the risks of committing crime are too what?


  low
• what three reasons do left realists give for crime?


  relative deprivation, marginalisation, subculture
• whats relative deprivation?


  Perceived discrepancy between what individuals believe they deserve and what they actually receive.
• what did young argue in rguards to relative deprivation?


  working class more likely to experience relative deprivation as they feel humilated comparing their life chances to middle classs
• whats marginalisation?


  lack of power experienced by the most disadvantaged in society
• how does marginalisation cause crime according to left realists?


  are unable to improve situation using conventional means so turn to violence to express anger
• what did lea and young describe subcultures as?


  response to the lack of means to achieve cultural goals in society
• subcultures lead to an increase in what crime?


  street crime
• street crime is a result of deprived groups doing what?


  attempting to find a collective solution to their situation
• who came up with broken window theory?


  wilson and kelling
• whats meant by zero tolerance policy?


  the police should deal with small crime to ensure more serious crime will not develop
• what two biological factors might right realists view as causing crime?


  low intelligence and personality traits such as extroversion and agression
• give three policy changes suggested by left realism to reduce crime?


  1. reducing economic inequality
  2. consensus policing
  3. cease military policing that causes alienation