cell biology1

• what are all living things made up of

  cells
• what are the two types of cells

  prokaryotic, eukaryotic
• what type of cells are eukaryotic

  complex cells which include animal and plant cells
• what types of cells are prokaryotic


  smaller and simpler cells e.g. bacteria
• what is the function of the nucleus


  contains genetic material that controls activity of the cell
• what is the function of the cytoplasm and what does it contain 


  gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions take place, contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
• what is the function of the cell membrane 


  hold cell together and controls what goes in and out
• what is the function of the mitochondria


  where most of reactions for anaerobic respiration take place, respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
• what is the function of the ribosomes

  where proteins are made in the cell
• what is the function of the cell wall


  made of cellulose that supports the cell and strengthens it
• what is the function of the vacuole 


  contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
• what is the function of chloroplasts 


  where photosynthesis takes place which makes food for the plant, contains green substance known as chlorophyll which absorbs light needed for photosynthesis
• what parts of the cell do plant cells have that animal cells don’t

  cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
• what parts of the cell aren’t in animal cells but are in plant cells

  cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
• what type of cell is bacteria 


  prokaryotes
• what will you find in a bacteria cell

  cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, single circular strand of floating DNA, one or more ring of DNA(plasmids)
• what are light microscopes


  -use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it

  -let us see individual cells and large subcellular structures
• what are electron microscopes


  -use electrons instead of light to form image

  -have much higher magnification/resolution than light microscopes
• what is the equation for magnification 


  mag=image size/real size
• how do you prepare a slide


  1. add drop of water to slide
  2. cut specimen into thin layers and peel off epidermal tissue from layer
  3. place specimen on slide
  4. add drop of iodine solution to stain specimen
  5. place cover slip over top(trying not to get air bubbles)
  6. observe
• what do you look down on a light microscope

  eyepiece
• what is the larger adjustment handle called on a light microscope

  coarse adjustment knob
• what is the smaller adjustment handle called on the light microscope


  fine adjustment knob
• how many lenses are there on a light microscope


  3 objective lenses with different levels of magnification
• what is the place you put the specimen on a light microscope called


  stage
• what is differentiation 


  process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
• when does most differentiation occur and whats different with this process from animal to plant cells 


  -as an organism develops

  -most animals lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage

  -lots of plant cells never lose this ability
• why do cells differentiate in mature animals


  for repairing or replacing cells(blood or skin cells)
• what are sperm cells specialised for and what are some features 


  -reproduction

  -long tail, streamline head, mitochondria to provide energy, enzymes in head to digest through egg membrane
• what are nerve cell specialised for and what are some features 


  -rapid signalling

  -carry electrical signals from on part of body to another

  -long with branched connections to form network
• what are muscle cells specialised for and what are some features

  -to contract quickly

  -long so they have space to contract

  -lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction
• what are root hair cells specialised for and what are some features

  -cells on surface of plant roots

  -large surface area to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
• what is the phloem specialised for and what are some features

  -transports glucose(dissolved sugars)

  -have few sub cellular structures so stuff can flow through easily

  -two way flow sap
• what is the xylem specialised for and what features does it have

  -transports water and minerals

  -hollow in the centre
• what does the nucleus contain

  your genetic material in the form of chromosome
• what are chromosomes

  coiled up lengths of DNA
• how many pair of chromosomes does a human cell have

  23 pairs
• what is mitosis used for

  to grow and replace damaged cells
• what are undifferentiated cells called

  stem cells
• where are stem cells found

  early human embryos