infection+response3

• what are pathogens

  microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
• what does communicable mean

  can spread easily
• both plant and animals can be affected by pathogens true or false

  true
• what are bacteria

  very small living cells that can reproduce rapidly inside you body
• how does bacteria make you feel ill

  produce toxins that damage your cell and tissues
• what are viruses

  viruses are not cells, theyre tiny and can reproduce rapidly inside the body
• what are protists

  single celled eukaryotes, lots of different types
• where can protists live

  in or on other organisms and causes them damage
• what are protists usually spread by

  a vector
• what are fungi

  some are single celled, some are made up of hyphae(thread like structure)
• what can hyphae do

  -grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants causing disease

  -produce spores that can spread to other plant and animals
• how can pathogens be spread

  water-drinking or bathing

  air-breathed in, coughs or sneezes in air droplets

  direct contact-touching contaminates surfaces
• what are the three viral/virus diseases

  measles, HIV, Tabacco mosaic virus
• how can we reduce the spread of disease

  being hygienic-washing hands

  destroying vectors-insects that can be easily killed

  isolating infected individuals-prevents spread

  vaccination-less likely to develop it
• how is the skin a defence system

  acts as barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
• how is hair and mucus in your nose a defence system

  trap particles that could contain pathogens
• how is the trachea and bronchi a defence system

  secrete mucus to trap pathogens, lined with cilia that push mucus back to mouth to swallow it
• how is the stomach a defence system

  produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens
• what is the most important part of you immune system

  white blood cells
• where are white blood cells found

  in the blood
• what are white blood cells constantly doing

  travelling around in your blood into every part of your body patrolling for invading microbes
• what are the three methods of attack from white blood cells

  -engulf them

  -producing antibodies

  -producing antitoxins
• what does white blood cells engulfing pathogens mean and is called

  white blood cells will engulf the foreign cells and digest them this is called phagocytosis
• what does white blood cells producing antibodies involve

  -every invading pathogen has a specific antigen

  -when thé antigen is detected the white blood cells start to produce antibodies to lock onto invading cells and destroy them

  -the antibodies produced are specific to the antigen so won’t lock onto anything else

  -antibodies are then produced rapidly around the body to find any similar bacteria or virus
• what does white blood cells producing antitoxins involve

  the antitoxins counteract the toxins that are being produced by the invading pathogen
• how long can it take your white blood cells to learn how to deal with an invading pathogen

  a few days
• what is a vaccination

  small amount of dead or inactive pathogen
• how are antibodies produced faster when being infected with the same thing another time

  memory lymphocytes remember the antigens tha have infected the body so can rapidly produce antibodies to counteract them
• what are the pros of vaccination s

  -helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common

  -epidemics can be prevented as fewer people can catch and pass on disease
• what are the cons of vaccinations

  -don’t always work, sometimes don’t give you immunity

  -can have a bad reaction to a vaccine but this is rare
• what are painkillers and how do they work

  drugs that relive pain but don’t tackle the cause of disease or kill the pathogens, only reduce symptoms
• what are antibiotics and how do they work

  kill/prevent growth of the bacteria without killing body cells, different antibiotics kill different bacteria, needs to be correct one
• what can antibiotics not do and why

  destroy viruses as they reproduce using your body cells so it’s difficult for drugs to destroy them without destroying body cells
• what does bacteria do which makes it resistant

  mutate
• what does bacteria mutating mean

  some of the bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics so when treated it survives and can reproduce, increasing the resistant strain of it
• what does strains of bacteria being resistant mean

  serious infection can occur that can’t be treated by antibiotics
• what is done to slow down the development rate of resistant strains of bacteria

  doctors make sure not to overprescribe antibiotics
• what do you have to do for your antibiotics to work

  finish the whole course of antibiotics
• where do many drugs originally come from

  plants
• what is aspirin used for and where was it found

  -used an painkiller to lower fevers

  -developed from a chemical found in willow