Chemistry. Mixture and solutions.

• What are the three states of matter mentioned in the study material?


  Solid, liquid, gas
• What is an atom?


  The smallest indivisible part of an element
• What defines an element?


  A substance that contains only one type of atom
• What is a compound?


  A substance that contains atoms of different elements bonded together
• What is a mixture?

  A substance that contains different elements/compounds that are not bonded together
• What are the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases regarding particle arrangement and movement?


  • Solid: Fixed positions, regular arrangement, particles can vibrate.
  • Liquid: Random arrangement, particles can move past each other, no fixed shape, fixed volume.
  • Gas: Random arrangement, free-moving particles, no fixed shape, no fixed volume, can be compressed.
• How do particles behave in a solid?


  Particles are in a fixed position and can only vibrate
• What happens to solid particles when they are heated?


  They increase in kinetic energy and vibrate more
• What occurs during the melting of a solid?


  Particles start to move out of a fixed position while the temperature remains constant
• What is the arrangement of particles in a liquid?


  Particles are randomly arranged and can move past each other
• What happens to liquid particles when they are heated?


  They increase in kinetic energy and move more freely
• What is the behavior of gas particles?


  They are randomly arranged and can move freely, filling all available space
• What is the difference between pure and impure substances regarding melting and boiling points?


  Pure substances melt and boil at specific points, while impure substances do so over a range of temperatures
• What is the process of filtration used for?


  • To separate insoluble solids from liquids.
  • Steps:

  1. Pour the mixture through filter paper.
  2. Collect insoluble solid residue.
  3. Collect the liquid filtrate.
• How does evaporation work in separating soluble solids from liquids?


  • Heat the mixture in an evaporating dish.
  • Allow the liquid to escape, leaving behind the soluble solid residue.
• What is simple distillation used for?


  • To separate a liquid from a solution (e.g., saltwater).
  • The liquid evaporates and then condenses back into a separate container.
• What is fractional distillation used for?


  • To separate mixtures of liquids with similar boiling points.
  • The substance with the lower boiling point evaporates first and is collected.
• What is chromatography used for?


  • To separate soluble substances in a mixture.
  • The more soluble the substance, the further it travels up the paper.
• What are the steps in crystallization?


  1. Heat the solution to evaporate some water to form a saturated solution.
  2. Transfer to an evaporating dish and heat until crystals form.
  3. Allow the solution to cool slowly for crystal growth.
  4. Collect and pat dry the crystals.
• What is the term for the energy of particles in a solid, liquid, and gas?


  Kinetic energy
• What happens to the arrangement of particles during melting?


  Particles start to move out of a fixed position
• What is the significance of the Rf value in chromatography?


  It indicates how far a substance travels relative to the solvent front
• How does the arrangement of particles in a gas differ from that in a solid?


  Gas particles are randomly arranged and can move freely, while solid particles are in fixed positions