Cells

• What did the first person to look through a microscope at cork observe?

  They observed the building blocks of every organism, which they drew as boxes.
• What are the two main types of organisms based on cell structure?

  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
• Vacuole - stores water and nutrients
• Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• What are the two main types of cells discussed in the study material?

  Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
• What type of cells are eukaryotic cells?


  Cells of animals, plants, and fungi
• What type of cells are prokaryotic cells?


  Cells of bacteria
• What are the main components of eukaryotic animal cells?

  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
• What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?


  They are involved in energy production
• Where do most chemical reactions occur in eukaryotic cells?


  In the cytoplasm
• What is the role of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?


  They are where proteins are made
• What are the main components of eukaryotic plant cells?

  • Cell wall (made of cellulose)
  • Vacuole (contains cell sap)
  • Chloroplasts (where photosynthesis occurs)
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?


  It strengthens the cell and provides structure and support
• What does the vacuole in plant cells contain?


  Cell sap
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  They are where photosynthesis occurs
• What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells?


  They don't have a true nucleus
• What is a plasmid in prokaryotic cells?


  A small ring of DNA
• What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotic cells?


  It consists of a single loop of DNA floating in the cytoplasm
• What distinguishes bacteria cells from other organisms?


  They are amongst the simplest of organisms and made of a single cell
• What is the main topic of the study material?

  Cell Biology
• What type of cells are eukaryotic cells?


  Cells with a nucleus
• What does the nucleus contain?


  Genetic material
• Where do most of the chemical reactions happen in a cell?


  In the cytoplasm
• What structures do plant cells have that are not found in animal cells?

  • Cell wall made of cellulose
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Permanent vacuole containing cell sap
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?


  It strengthens the cell
• What are ribosomes responsible for?


  Making proteins
• What is a plasmid?


  A small ring of DNA
• How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells regarding the nucleus?


  Prokaryotes don't have a true nucleus
• Where do most reactions for aerobic respiration take place?


  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  It controls what goes in and out of the cell
• Where does photosynthesis occur?


  In the chloroplasts
• What does the permanent vacuole contain?


  Cell sap
• How do electron microscopes compare to light microscopes?


  • Electron microscopes were invented later
  • They have higher magnification and resolution
  • They allow us to see smaller things in more detail
• What is the formula for magnification?


  Magnification = image size / real size
• How should really small numbers be written?


  Using standard form
• What is the notation for a very small number in standard form?


  1. g., $1.0 \times 10^{-45}$