cognitive model

• Who developed the cognitive model in the 1900s?


  Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
• What was the cognitive model a response to?


  It was a response to the behavioral consideration of behavioral psychology.
• What internal thought processes does the cognitive model focus on?


  Perception, attention, memory, language, and problem solving.
• What do some psychologists believe about the causes of behavior?


  They believe the causes of behavior were not understood and human experience was ignored.
• What is the basic assumption of the cognitive model?


  Behavior is influenced by our cognitions, which mediate between stimuli and response.
• What are automatic thoughts in the cognitive model?


  Thoughts that guide all processes and drive our behavior.
• How did the cognitive approach improve upon introspection?


  It aimed to provide a more reliable method than introspection.
• How do cognitive psychologists conduct research?


  They carry out research with well-designed experiments.
• What do cognitive psychologists measure to understand thought processes?


  They measure behaviors produced by thought processes.
• What are inferences in the context of cognitive psychology?


  Conclusions reached based on evidence and reasoning.
• What did Reverser et al find in their study on brain scans?

  Different responses to happy and sad faces in depressed and non-depressed individuals.
• What is a schema in cognitive psychology?

  Scripts that reduce cognitive processing and form expectations.
• How do schemas help us interpret the world?


  They provide a structure for information to be held and interpreted.
• What is the effect of schemas on memory accuracy?


  Schemas can lead to ignoring information that doesn’t fit, affecting memory accuracy.
• What concept did Bartlett identify related to memory?


  Reconstructive Memory, where personal experience alters memory of events.
• How do schemas alter our memory of events?


  They cause us to unconsciously rebuild our memory of an event.
• What is still unclear about schemas?


  How schemas work and how they are constructed in memory.
• How does the information processing approach compare cognitive processes to computers?


  It compares cognitive processes to how information is processed sequentially in a computer.
• What is the role of attention in the information processing approach?


  Resources such as attention are limited.
• What does cognitive neuroscience study?


  The study of neurological structures, mechanisms, processes, and chemistry related to cognition.
• What is Broca's Area responsible for?


  Speech production and the production of language.
• How has technology advanced cognitive neuroscience?


  Technologies like fMRI and PET scans have identified specific brain areas responsible for cognitive processes.
• What did Tulving et al. find regarding episodic and semantic memories?


  They are located on different sides of the pre-frontal cortex.
• How can brain scans help in therapy development?


  They can show links between psychological disorders and specific brain areas.
• What has the integration of cognitive and biological approaches led to?


  Greater scientific credibility in understanding cognition.
• What is a limitation of inferring thought processes in cognitive psychology?


  Thought processes can only be inferred from behavior, which may be unreliable.
• What is machine reduction in the context of cognitive psychology?


  It refers to the oversimplification of the human brain compared to a computer.
• Why might studies in cognitive psychology lack ecological validity?


  Because people are often interviewed in lab settings, which may not reflect real-life situations.
• What does the cognitive approach recognize about behavior?


  It recognizes that we can think before we act, allowing for self-determination.
• How has the cognitive approach contributed to therapy?


  It has led to successful treatments like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
• What does the cognitive approach suggest about dysfunctional behavior?


  Dysfunctional behavior can often be traced back to faulty cognitions.
• What does the cognitive approach imply about free will?


  It suggests some lack of free will due to the influence of cognitions.
• What are two features of the cognitive approach?


  • Focus on internal thought processes such as perception and memory.
  • Use of well-designed experiments to study cognition.
• What are two limitations of the cognitive approach?


  • Reliance on inferences from behavior, which can be unreliable.
  • Machine reduction, oversimplifying the complexity of the human brain.
• Cognitive Psychologists Measure


  Behaviors produced by thought processes
• Behavioral Measures


  • Verbal reports
  • Reaction times
  • Eye movements
  • Physiological responses
  • Performance on tasks
• Thought Processes


  • Thinking
  • Learning
  • Remembering
  • Problem-solving
• Episodic Memory


  Refers to recollections of specific events or experiences, including details like spatial and temporal context, emotions, and sensory information. Examples: "What was I doing last Tuesday?"
• Semantic Memory


  Involves storing and retrieving general knowledge and factual information, including general facts, concepts, and meanings. Examples: "What is the capital of France?"
• Tulving et al.'s Finding


  Episodic and semantic memories are developmentally separate and spatially separate in the prefrontal cortex