Atrial septal defect

• What are some signs and symptoms of ASD?


  Splitting of S2

  Ejection systolic murmur
• What are some co,mplications of ASD?


  Embolism -> stroke
• What are 2 types of ASD?

  Ostium primum

  Secondum
• What would you see on an ECG for the two types of ASD?


  RBBB

  Primum: Left axis deviation

  Secondum: Right axis deviation
• Which is the most common type of ASD?


  Secondum
• What is ostium secundum associated with?


  Holt-Oram syndrome
• What is some cardiac abnormalities ostium primum?


  Abnormal AV valves
• WHat is an ECG sign seen in ostium primum?


  Prolonged PR interval
• Which are the AV valves?


  Mitral

  Tricuspid
• What are some risk factors for ASD?


  Family history

  Female

  Maternal alcohol consumption
• Why is an echo done for ASD?


  Determine pulmonary systemic blood flow

  Characterise shunt volume

  Check defect size

  Check pulmonary veins
• How is ASD managed conservatively?


  Monitoring
• How is ASD managed medically?


  Pulmonary vasodilators
• How is ASD managed surgically?


  Closure