State, nations, and globalization

• • A state is a community of nations more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control (De Leon, Hector).
• The elements of a state is:

  People

  government

  Territory

  Sovereignty
• 1. PEOPLE is the organization of human beings living together as a community.
• 1. TERRITORY refers to the territorial domains over which the state exercises control or sovereignty which includes all the land, sea and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction on.
• GOVERNMENT is an agency to which the political ideology

  of the state is expressed and carried out.
• SOVEREIGNTY it is the power of the state to enforce the law over its people within its jurisdiction and demand

  obedience from them.
• Two types of sovereignty

  Internal sovereignty

  External sovereignty
• 1. Internal Sovereignty - the power of the state to command authority within its jurisdiction.
• 1. External Sovereignty - the power and freedom of the state to carry out its activities without foreign domination or control.
• A nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics and shares the same history, ancestry,

  culture, and language.
• nation-state is a self-governed political entity occupied by people who speak the same language and share a common history.
• Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
• Forms of globalization

  Economic

  Cultural

  Political
• The word state came from the Latin word "stare" which means to stand.
• People - also known as population or inhabitants.
• Territorial Sea - Coastal states have sovereignty, including exclusive fishing rights (12 nautical miles).
• Contiguous Zone- Coastal state can enforce its customs, immigration, and sanitation laws and exercise control over the coastal waters.
• Continental Shelf - The area extending beyond territorial waters where the sea floor gradually slopes downward toward deeper water; it may be claimed up to 350 nautical miles if the outer edge extends beyond that distance.
• Exclusive Economic Zone - A coastal state has control over natural resources found on the seabed and subsoil (up to 370 km).
• High Seas - International waters outside any country's jurisdiction.
• Internal sovereignty is the power of the state to rule within its territory
• External sovereignty is the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states.
• FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

  Unitary government power

  Confederation

  Federal Government power
• Unitary government power 1. The president can veto legislation and appoint federal judges. 2. The president can declare war and use the military.
• Confederation is a voluntary association of independent states that often only delegate a few powers to the central government. It's a political union of sovereign states united for purposes of common action.
• Autocracy: a system of government by one person with absolute power.
• Oligarchy is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control.
• Forms of autocratic government

  Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship

  Absolute Monarchy
• Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society. 
• Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.
• Democracy is a system of government in which the people are sovereign and have the right to vote for their leaders.
• Two forms of democracy:

  Indirect or representative Democracy

  direct democracy
• Representative democracy is a type of democracy where representatives are elected by the public.
• Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies.
• 2 types of legitimacy

  de jure

  de facto
• De Jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. 
• de facto describes situations that exist in reality, even if not formally recognized.
• The presidential system is a democratic form of government in which a directly elected head of government presides over an executive branch that is distinct from a legislature and judiciary.
• A parliamentary system is a system of democratic government where the head of government derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.