Carbohydrates

• What elements are carbohydrates made of?


  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• What are isomers?


  Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
• What are monomers?


  Monomers are small molecules that can join together to form larger molecules called polymers.
• What is the formula for monosaccharides?

  [C(H2O)n] - when n=3, 5 or 6
• What is the formula of monosaccharides when n=3?


  C3 H6 O3
• What are disaccharides?


  The product of 2 monosaccharides - water

  Through condensation.
• What is the chemical reaction that forms maltose from glucose?


  Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + Water
• What is produced as a byproduct when maltose is formed from glucose?


  Water
• How does the formation of maltose illustrate the process of dehydration synthesis?


  It involves the removal of water to bond two glucose molecules
• What is the general reaction formula for the formation of maltose from glucose?


  glucose + glucose → maltose + water
• How is maltose made?


  The condensation of 2 alpha glucoses.

  
• What is maltose composed of?


  X + X
• Where is maltose found?

  In germinating seeds
• How is maltose produced?


  By the breakdown of starch
• What is sucrose composed of?

  alpha glucose + fructose
• What is the main function of sucrose in plants?


  It is the main transport carbohydrate in phloem
• What is lactose composed of?

  Alpha glucose + galactose
• Where is lactose found?


  In the milk of mammals
• What are the three disaccharides mentioned in the study material?


  • Maltose
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
• What are the three main types of polysaccharides mentioned?


  Starch, glycogen, cellulose
• What is a polysaccharide a condensation product of?


  A lot of monosaccharides
• What are polymers composed of?


  Long chains of monomers joined together
• Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble in water?


  Insoluble in water
• What color change occurs when starch reacts with iodine solution?


  It turns blue/black
• What is the chemical reaction that occurs when starch reacts with iodine solution?


  Starch + iodine solution → blue/black
• What is the color of iodine solution before it reacts with starch?


  Brown/orange
• What are the characteristics of polysaccharides?


  • Condensation products of monosaccharides
  • Long chains of monomers (polymers)
  • Insoluble in water
  • React with iodine to form a blue/black color
• What is glucose?


  Formula: C6 H12 O6

  Carbohydrate

  Hexose monosaccharide

  Sugar

  
• What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?


  They are isomers of each other.

  The 1st OH in beta points up instead of down.

  
• What is hydrolisis?

  Opposite of condensation.

  Breakdown of substance using water.

  Big to small.