AO1

• Wilhelm Wundt


  German philosopher and psychologist, considered the first modern psychologist, who lived from 1832 to 1920 and focused on structuralism, the study of the basic elements of consciousness.
• Introspection


  The technique used by Wundt to study the human mind, where he asked participants to report their subjective experiences, such as perceptions, thoughts, and feelings, in a systematic and controlled manner.
• Structuralism


  The school of thought in psychology that emerged in the late 19th century, which aimed to break down complex mental processes into their basic elements, such as sensations, perceptions, and thoughts, in order to understand the structure of the mind.
• Memory


  The focus of Wundt's research, where he attempted to break down the complex process of memory into its basic elements, such as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, in order to understand how the mind processes information.
• Structuralism


  The psychological approach that aims to break down complex mental processes into their basic elements, such as sensations, perceptions, and thoughts, in order to understand the structure of the mind.
• What is a paradigm in psychology?


  A framework containing basic assumptions and methodologies accepted by a community
• How does a dominant paradigm in psychology reflect the thinking of its era?


  It represents the common way of thinking and working shared by most psychologists
• Who opened the first experimental psychology lab and when?

  Wilhelm Wundt in the 1870s
• What significant contribution did Wundt make to psychology?


  He established psychology as a distinct discipline using the scientific method
• What was the first method used in psychology according to Wundt?


  Introspection
• What does introspection involve?


  Inspecting one's own thoughts by looking inwards
• Why was introspection considered subjective?


  No scientific techniques were available, relying on personal reports
• What was the dominant paradigm in psychology from the 1920s to the 1950s?


  Behaviorism
• What did behaviorism focus on?


  Directly observable behavior
• How did behaviorism challenge psychoanalysis?


  By focusing on observable behavior instead of the unconscious mind
• What is structuralism in psychology?


  The study of the structure of the mind by breaking down mental processes
• What does the term 'introspection' mean in Latin?


  'Looking into'
• How does introspection help individuals according to Wundt?


  It enables observation of inner mental and emotional states
• What was Wundt's belief about mental processes like memory and perception?


  They could be observed systematically with sufficient training
• What was the procedure in Wundt's experiments?


  Participants described their inner processes in response to controlled stimuli
• Why did Wundt compare participants' reports in his experiments?


  To establish general theories about mental processes