Packet 7

• Moral Preconvential Stage


  Moral decisions are based primarily on the consequences of their actions.
• Moral Conventional Stage 


  Judge their own morals based off of social order and social judgement.
• Moral Post-Conventional Stage


  Making decisions based off of your own ethics and morals.
• Moral Post-Conventional Stage


  Making decisions based off of your own ethics and morals.
• Early Physical Maturation in Boys

  • More popular / self assured
  • High risk for alcohol use, delinquency, and sexual activity
• Early Physical Maturation in Girls

  • No benefits
  • More risk for teasing and sexual harassment
  • Association with older adolescents
• Underdeveloped Prefrontal Cortex

  • Adolescents seek thrills
  • Weigh immediate benefits more heavily than consequences
• Moral Intuition 


  Instinctively understand what's right or wrong without conscious reasoning.
• Moral Action


  Intentionally doing the right thing.
• Infancy (to 1 year)


  Trust vs. Mistrust
• Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)


  Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
• Preschool (3 to 6 years)


  Initiative vs. Guilt
• Elementary School (6 years to puberty)


  Competence vs. Inferiority
• Adolescence (Teen to 20s)


  Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Young Adulthood (20s to 40s)


  Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s)


  Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Late Adulthood (60s and up)


  Integrity vs. Despair
• Intimacy + Happiness

  Intimacy and happiness are linked by the human desire to be social. People who are alone shown to be their unhappiest
• Influence of Peers on Development


  Adolescents talk and act like peers. Adolescents who are excluded are vulnerable to loneliness and low self esteem.
• Influence of Parents on Development


  Adolescents go to parents for religious faith, or future choices like careers and college. Ethical development would be affected by parents as well.
• Emerging Adulthood


  In-between phase of adolescence and adulthood. In-between phase of adolescence and adulthood.

  • Taking on more responsibility while still relying on parents for support
• How does the father determine the sex of a baby?

  The father's chromosome is the only one not unisex, which means it distinguishes the sex of the baby.
• Primary Sex Characteristics


  Both boys and girls grow reproductive organs/external genitalia
• Secondary Sex Characteristics

  • Boys grow facial hair+ deepened voice
  • Girls have developed breasts+ larger hips
  • Both develop pubic+underarm hair
• Menarche 


  A females first menstrual period

  • Allows women to start producing and releasing eggs
• Spermarche

  The first male ejaculation

  • Boys start releasing sperm
• Intersex Individuals


  Born with unusual combinations of make and female physical features
• Sexual Orientation is defined as an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to men, women, both genders, or neither gender.
• Heterosexuality is the most common form of sexual orientation; it involves being attracted to members of the other sex.
• Bisexuality is also relatively rare; it involves being attracted to both males and females.
• Homosexuality is less common than heterosexuality; it involves being attracted to members of your own sex.
• Simon Levay's work on the brains

  • Studied heterosexual and homosexual brains
  • A cell cluster was larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men.
• Evidence of genetic influence on sexual orientation

  • Family Studies: Many of our genes also reside in our biological relatives. Homosexual men tend to have more homosexual relatives on their mother's side
  • Twin Studies: Identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation. Yet, since sexual orientation differs in any Identical twins, other factors play a role.
  • Fruit Fly Studies: Lab experiments altered a single gene in fruit flies and changed their sexual orientation. It's likely in humans that multiple genes shape sexual orientation.
• Physical changes in Middle Adulthood

  • Men and women notice a gradual decline in physical abilities if they're normally active.
  • Women get a decline in fertility. (Menopause)
  • Men decline in sperm count, testosterone levels, and speed of erection/ejaculation.
• Physical changes in later life

  • Men and women who aren't always active notice the gradual decline of physical activity.
  • Muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina diminish.
  • Visual sharpness diminishes as well as distance perception and adaptation to light levels.
  • Immune system weakens.
  • Slower reaction times.
• Cross-Sectional Studies


  A research design conducted at a single point in time, comparing groups of differing ages to arrive at conclusions about development.
• Longitudinal Studies


  A research design that examines how individuals develop by studying the same sample over a long period of time.
• Cross-sectional and longitudinal Studies regarding cognitive abilities in older people


  Mental abilities do and do not change as people age. Someone's mental ability can be told based off their age (how close they are to death)
• Refuting Midlife Crisis

  • Divorce is most common among those in their twenties
  • Suicide is most common among those in 70s or 80s
  • Emotional instability in 10,000 men and women showed no signs of a mid-life crisis
• Social Clock


  The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

  • As people get older they pay less attention to the social clock, getting out of sync.