psych boost

• What are the three types of conformity according to Asch (1958)?


  1. Compliance: Temporary behavior change to fit in
  2. Identification: Change in behavior and private values only in the group
  3. Internalization: Permanent change of personal opinions to match the group
• What drives normative social influence (NSI)?


  Desire to be liked and avoid rejection
• What is the main motivation behind informational social influence (ISI)?


  Desire to be correct
• What was the overall conformity rate in Asch's critical trials?


  32%
• What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch's study?


  75%
• What was the conformity rate when participants could privately write down their responses?


  12.5%
• How did Ash manipulate group size in his study?


  By varying the number of Confederates from 1 to 16
• What effect did the presence of one Confederate giving the correct answer have on conformity rates?


  It dropped the conformity rate to 5.5%
• What does the variation in task difficulty suggest about conformity?


  Increased ambiguity leads to increased conformity
• What are the evaluations of Asch's study regarding NSI and ISI?


  • Supports NSI as 75% conformed at least once
  • Difficulty separating NSI and ISI influences
  • Participants may not be aware of true motivations
• What are the strengths of the Stanford Prison Experiment?


  • Well controlled initial setup
  • Random allocation of roles
  • Insights into social roles influencing behavior
• What was the main finding of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?


  Participants adapted their behavior to their assigned social roles
• What ethical concerns arose from the Stanford Prison Experiment?


  Participants experienced psychological harm
• What is the agentic state according to Milgram?


  A state of mind where individuals feel they do not have responsibility for their actions
• What is the legitimacy of authority in Milgram's theory?


  It refers to the socialization of individuals to obey those in higher positions
• What voltage did 100% of participants reach in Milgram's study?


  300 volts
• What was the obedience rate when the professor gave instructions via a phone?


  21%
• How did the location of the study affect obedience rates in Milgram's experiment?


  Obedience dropped to 47.6% in a rundown area
• What methodological flaws are criticized in Milgram's research?


  The task lacks mundane realism and ecological validity
• What are the findings of Sheridan and King (1972) regarding obedience?


  • Participants gave real shocks to a puppy
  • 54% of males and 100% of females gave the highest shock level
  • Demonstrates high obedience without demand characteristics
• What was the obedience rate in Bman’s 1974 field experiment when dressed as a guard?


  89%
• What does the presence of a uniform signify in terms of authority?


  It provides a visible symbol of legitimacy of authority
• What was the non-US obedience rate found in the Milgram study?


  65.9%
• What are the ethical criticisms of the Milgram study?


  It caused distress and used deception
• What methodological criticisms are associated with the Milgram study?


  It lacks ecological validity and mundane realism
• What did Huffling's 1966 study reveal about obedience in a hospital setting?


  21 out of 22 nurses obeyed an order to give a double dose of medication
• What was the obedience rate in Sheridan and King's 1972 study involving a puppy?


  54% of males and 100% of females gave the highest shock level
• What did Bman’s 1974 New York field experiment find regarding uniforms and obedience?


  Obedience rate was 89% when dressed as a guard
• What is the authoritarian personality according to Adorno?


  It is a personality type shaped by strict parenting and harsh punishments
• What questionnaire did Adorno use to study the authoritarian personality?


  The F-scale (fascism scale)
• What factors does the F-scale measure?


  It measures authoritarian submission, uncritical attitude towards authority, and power toughness
• How did Elms and Milgram's 1966 study relate obedience to the F-scale?


  Obedient males scored higher on the F-scale than disobedient males
• What are the alternate situational explanations of obedience mentioned?

  The agentic state and legitimacy of authority
• What is the criticism of the F-scale as a measurement of authoritarian personality?


  It suffers from acquiescence bias
• What does locus of control refer to?


  It refers to the factors people believe control their actions
• How do individuals with an internal locus of control view their ability to resist social influence?


  They see themselves as responsible and empowered
• What percentage of participants with an internal locus of control refused to continue to the highest shock level in Holland's 1967 study?


  37%
• What did Spectre's 1983 study find about locus of control and resistance to normative social influence?


  Those with an internal locus of control were more able to resist normative social influence
• What is minority influence?


  It requires individuals to reject majority behaviors and beliefs
• What are the key factors that make minorities more effective in influencing majorities?

  • Consistency: Repeating the same message over time
  • Commitment: Suffering for their views
  • Flexibility: Considering valid counterarguments