Psychopathology

• What does the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality entail?

  It refers to individuals who cannot cope with daily life challenges
• What are Rosenhan and Seligman's features of failure to function adequately?

  Maladaptive behavior, irrational actions, personal anguish, and observer discomfort
• Why is the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality considered objective?

  It uses statistics to compare individual behavior to the population
• What is one criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability disorder in the DSM-5?

  Having an IQ of 70 points or fewer
• What are the six features of ideal mental health according to Joda in 1958?

  Environmental mastery, autonomy, resisting stress, self-actualization, positive attitude, accurate perception of reality
• How does the definition of ideal mental health differ from other definitions of abnormality?


  It focuses on features of ideal mental health rather than just what is wrong
• What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?

  Avoidance of phobic objects and panic responses
• What is a common cognitive characteristic of phobias?


  Irrational thoughts and exaggerated beliefs about harm
• What is the emotional characteristic of depression?


  Persistent low mood and feelings of guilt
• What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?


  Obsessive thoughts and hypervigilance
• What does the two-process model describe in relation to phobias?


  How phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
• What is the role of generalization in the development of phobias?


  It leads to a conditioned fear response to stimuli similar to the original phobic object
• What is systematic desensitization in treating phobias?


  A therapy that gradually exposes clients to their phobic stimulus while teaching relaxation techniques
• What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?


  Immediate and full exposure to the maximum level of the phobic stimulus
• What is the main criticism of flooding compared to systematic desensitization?


  Flooding can be more distressing for clients due to its immediate exposure
• How do cognitive theories explain depression?


  They suggest depression arises from irrational thoughts and negative schemas
• What is Beck's negative triad?


  A framework of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
• What does Ellis's ABC model stand for?


  Activating event, Belief, Consequence
• How does cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) aim to treat depression?


  By challenging and restructuring negative schemas and irrational thoughts
• What is the genetic explanation for OCD?


  OCD is inherited and involves multiple candidate genes
• What is the role of serotonin in OCD?


  Low serotonin levels are associated with OCD
• What is the worry circuit in relation to OCD?


  A set of brain structures that are overactive in individuals with OCD
• What is the diathesis-stress model in relation to OCD?


  It combines genetic vulnerability with environmental stressors to explain OCD development
• What are SSRIs and their role in treating OCD?


  SSRIs are antidepressants that increase serotonin levels to reduce OCD symptoms
• What are common side effects of drug therapies for OCD?


  Nausea, headache, and insomnia
• What are the definitions of abnormality discussed in the study material?


  • Deviation from social norms
  • Failure to function adequately
  • Statistical infrequency
  • Deviation from ideal mental health
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the definitions of abnormality?


  Strengths:

  • Objective assessment in statistical infrequency
  • Holistic approach in ideal mental health

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Cultural bias in social norms
  • Overly strict criteria in ideal mental health
• What are the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive characteristics of phobias, depression, and OCD?


  Phobias:

  • Behavioral: Avoidance, panic
  • Emotional: Anxiety
  • Cognitive: Irrational thoughts

  
  

  Depression:

  • Behavioral: Reduced activity
  • Emotional: Sadness, guilt
  • Cognitive: Poor concentration, negative schemas

  
  

  OCD:

  • Behavioral: Compulsions, avoidance
  • Emotional: Anxiety
  • Cognitive: Obsessions, hypervigilance
• What are the treatment methods for phobias and OCD discussed in the study material?

  Phobias:

  • Systematic desensitization
  • Flooding

  
  

  OCD:

  • SSRIs
  • CBT
  • REBT
• What are the evaluations of the treatments for phobias and OCD?


  Phobias:

  • Systematic desensitization is client-controlled
  • Flooding is quicker but more distressing

  
  

  OCD:

  • SSRIs are effective but have side effects
  • CBT empowers patients but requires commitment
• What does the term "psychopathology" refer to?


  The study of mental health conditions
• What does "psycho" mean in the context of psychopathology?


  It refers to the mind
• What are the three mental health conditions discussed in the psychopathology video series?


  OCD, depression, and phobias
• What psychological approaches are applied to the three psychopathologies?

  • Behaviorist approach for phobias
  • Cognitive approach for depression
  • Biological approach for OCD
• Why is defining someone as mentally abnormal challenging?


  There is no clear definition that includes everyone and excludes those we wouldn't want to define as abnormal
• What are the four competing definitions of abnormality discussed?

  1. Statistical infrequency
  2. Failure to function adequately
  3. Deviation from social norms
  4. Deviation from ideal mental health
• What does the statistical infrequency definition state?


  Someone is mentally abnormal if their mental condition is very rare in the population
• How can we objectively judge how common or rare behavior is?

  Using statistics and a normal distribution curve
• What is the average IQ score according to the statistical infrequency definition?


  100
• How is low intelligence defined in the context of statistical infrequency?

  As being two standard deviations away from the average IQ