Psych. Approaches

• What claim does John B. Watson make about human nature?


  He believes that any infant can be trained to become any type of specialist regardless of their background.
• Which approach to psychology does Watson represent?


  The behaviourist approach.
• How might Watson’s views differ from the biological approach?


  Watson emphasizes learned behavior over genetic predispositions.
• What are the key assumptions of the behaviourist approach?


  • Behaviour is learned through interaction with the environment.
  • Focus on observable behaviour rather than internal processes.
  • Psychology must be measured in controlled environments.
  • Learning in humans is similar to that in animals.
• Who developed classical conditioning?


  Ivan Pavlov.
• What is classical conditioning?


  It is learning through association.
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?


  Food.
• What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?


  Salivation in response to the bell.
• What does the term 'neutral stimulus' refer to in classical conditioning?


  A stimulus that initially produces no specific response.
• What are the stages of classical conditioning as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs?


  1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - Food
  2. Unconditioned Response (UCR) - Salivation
  3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - Bell
  4. Conditioned Response (CR) - Salivation in response to the bell
• What was the aim of the Little Albert study?


  To demonstrate that emotional responses can be conditioned.
• What is the unconditioned response in the Little Albert study?


  Fear and anxiety caused by the loud bang.
• How does the Little Albert study illustrate classical conditioning?


  It shows how a neutral stimulus (rat) can become a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus (loud bang).
• What is the term for the process in which an association is unlearned in classical conditioning?


  Extinguishment.
• What is the neutral stimulus in the Pavlov study?


  The bell.
• What did John Locke believe about human behavior?


  He believed that we are born as a blank slate.
• How can classical conditioning explain the young woman's fear of balloons?


  • The loud bang from the balloon burst (UCS) caused fear (UCR).
  • The balloon (NS) became associated with the loud bang (UCS).
  • Now, the balloon (CS) elicits fear (CR) even without the loud bang.
• Classical conditioning refers to learning by association?


  True.
• The term to describe the process in which an association is unlearnt is called extinguishment?


  True.
• The Little Albert study was carried out by Jolley and Watson?


  False.
• The salivating dogs study was carried out by Ivan Pavlov?


  True.
• The neutral stimulus in the Pavlov study was the bell?


  True.
• John Locke believed we are born with everything that we need to carry out behaviours?


  False.