Human biology

• Hypertonic

  High salts
• Hypotonic

  Low salts
• Isotonic

  Same concentration
• Total magnification

  Objective lens x eyepiece
• Millimetre to micrometer

  X 1000
• Diffusion

  Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

  Molecules passively transport with kinetic energy
• Facilitated diffusion

  For larger and charged molecules that are to big to diffuse

  Use channel and carrier proteins
• channel proteins

  Shaped to allow particular molecules in
• Carrier proteins

  changes shape to allow molecules across membrane
• Active transport

  Movement of molecules from low to high concentration across a membrane carrier proteins
• Endocytosis

  Move large quantities of material into cell Uses vesicles to transport material
• Exocytosis

  Move large quantities of material out of cell
• phagocytosis

  Type of endocytosis

  Cells engulf target particle

  Membrane forms around it

  Normally when body gets rid of virus
• Osmosis

  Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from high to low concentration
• Prokaryote

  No nucleus

  Bacteria
• Eukaryote

  Any organism consisting of one or more cells Nucleus

  Humans
• Photypic classification

  Rods

  Spirals

  Spheres
• Oxygen requirements for growth

  aerobes - need oxygen

  Obligate aerobes - at least 20% oxygen

  Anaerobes - no oxygen

  Faculative aerobes - with or without
• Binary fission

  Reproduction

  DNA replicates

  Walls divide

  Separate
• Homeostasis

  Maintaining relatively constant internal environment

  Body temperature

  Blood ph

  Blood glucose levels
• Respiration

  Glucose + oxygen = water + carbon dioxide
• ATP

  Universal energy current
• Processes that need ATP

  Active transport

  Cell division

  Movement
• ATP to ADP

  Hydrolysis

  Exothermic

  + water
• ADP to ATP

  Condensation reaction

  — water
• Temperature control

  Homeostasis
• how homeostasis works

  Change in optimum point

  Receptors detect change

  Informs the coordinator - send information to effector

  Effector creates a feedback mechanism
• Monosaccharides

  Simplest carbohydrate

  Monomers
• Disaccharide

  When two monosaccharides bond during condensation reaction

  Glycosidic bond formed
• Polysaccharide

  When larger number of monosaccharides form glycosidic bond

  Complex carbohydrate
• Glucose

  Main source of energy

  Six carbon monosaccharide - hexose

  Glycosidic bonds
• Starch

  Mixture of two polysaccharide
• Proteins

  Large polymers made from long chains of amino acids

  Involved in all cellular functions

  Growth

  Repair
• fats

  Lipids

  Energy store

  Insulation

  Protection
• Triglycerides

  Made from glycerol and fatty acids

  In fats and oils involved in energy storage and supply

  Glycerol connected to fatty acid by ester bond

  Formed by condensation reaction between gylcerol and three fatty acid chains

  insoluble
• Induced fit

  Enzyme slightly changes shape to match substrate