psychological treatments

• What is the aim of psychological treatments for schizophrenia?

  To develop an understanding and critically evaluate psychological treatments for schizophrenia
• What are the three different psychological treatments for schizophrenia discussed?

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Family Therapy
  • Token Economies
• What is the primary aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia?

  To help patients identify, monitor, and challenge their irrational thoughts
• How can understanding the source of symptoms benefit schizophrenia patients in CBT?

  It can provide relief by recognizing symptoms as dysfunctional thought processes
• What is the typical outcome of CBT for schizophrenia patients?

  It does not get rid of symptoms but makes dealing with them easier
• Who devised Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE)?

  Tarrier
• What is the focus of Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE)?

  Building on schizophrenics' existing coping strategies
• What are some examples of triggers for schizophrenic episodes identified by Tarrier?

  Certain people, being on their own, and being put under stress
• What types of coping strategies are developed in therapy?

  Cognitive strategies and behavioral strategies
• What are some examples of cognitive strategies developed in therapy?

  Distraction and positive self-talk
• What are some examples of behavioral strategies developed in therapy?

  Relaxation techniques and increasing social contact
• What is the purpose of homework assignments in therapy?

  To consolidate learning of strategies between sessions
• What did Chadwick's (1992) case study demonstrate about CSE?

  It helped a patient question his delusion, weakening symptoms
• What did Jahur (2014) conclude about the effectiveness of CBT?

  Results were significant but had a fairly small effect on symptoms
• What ethical issues are associated with CBT?

  Challenging a person's paranoia may interfere with their freedom of thought
• What is a limitation of CBT regarding symptom management?

  It is a treatment but not a cure
• What is the aim of family therapy for schizophrenia?

  • Improve communication among family members
  • Reduce stress of living as a family
  • Address the family environment's role in relapse
• What is the common theory regarding family therapy and schizophrenia?

  The stress of the family environment increases the risk of relapse
• What is the goal of reducing expressed emotion in family therapy?

  To improve the patient's quality of life and reduce relapse rates
• How often do families typically meet with a therapist in family therapy?

  Once a week for three months
• What does the acronym B.A.G of B.A.P.S stand for in family therapy?

  • Beliefs: Improve beliefs about schizophrenia
  • Anger: Reduce anger and guilt in family members
  • Guilt: Reduce guilt in family members
  • Balance: Create balance between caring for the patient and maintaining their lives
  • Alliance: Form a supportive alliance with family members
  • Problems: Improve ability to identify problems
  • Stress: Reduce stress of caring for the patient
• What did Pharoah find regarding the effectiveness of family therapy?

  It reduces hospital readmission and improves quality of life
• What did McFarlane et al (2003) find in their meta-analysis about family therapy?

  It reduces relapse rates and improves relationships with family members
• What is a potential issue with openness in family therapy?

  Being "too open" may increase family tensions
• What are some advantages and disadvantages of family therapy?

  Less physical side effects than drugs, but labeling a family as dysfunctional may increase maladaptive behavior
• What is the main principle behind token economies?

  They are based on rewards and selective reinforcement
• What type of behavior does token economies primarily treat?

  Maladaptive behavior, such as poor hygiene
• What psychological principle do token economies operate on?

  Operant conditioning
• What are tokens in the context of token economies?

  Physical items given immediately after a desirable behavior
• What is delay discounting in token economies?

  Giving a token later reduces its effect and impact
• What are secondary reinforcers in token economies?

  Tokens that can be exchanged for desired rewards
• What did McMonagle and Sultana (2009) find regarding token economies?

  Only 1/3 of studies showed significant improvement
• What did Allton and Azrin (1968) find about token economies for female patients?

  Giving females a token linked to "one gift" increased desirable behaviors
• What ethical issues are associated with token economies?

  They may discriminate against patients with severe schizophrenia
• What does Dickerson (2015) suggest about token economies?

  They may work best in combination with drugs
• What is a limitation of token economies regarding long-term effectiveness?

  Studies suggest they are less effective in the long term
• What is an advantage of token economies regarding patient independence?

  They increase independence