obedience

• What is the definition of obedience to authority?


  Obedience to authority is a type of social influence where a person responds to a direct command from a figure with perceived authority.
• What was the aim of Milgram's 1963 study on obedience?


  Milgram aimed to see whether ordinary people would obey a command from a person in a position of authority, even to the point of harming an innocent person.
• How many participants did Milgram recruit for his study?


  Milgram recruited 40 participants.
• What was the age range of the participants in Milgram's study?


  The participants were aged 20-50 years old.
• What was the payment given to participants in Milgram's study?


  Participants were paid $4.50 to take part in the study.
• What were participants told the experiment was about?


  Participants were told the experiment was about how punishment affects learning.
• What was the role of the real participant in Milgram's experiment?


  The real participant was always assigned the role of the teacher.
• What was the maximum voltage that participants could administer in Milgram's study?


  The maximum voltage was 450 volts.
• How were the electric shocks administered in the experiment?


  The teacher had to administer increasingly severe electric shocks for each wrong answer given by the learner.
• What was the initial voltage level labeled as in Milgram's study?


  The initial voltage level was labeled as a slight shock at 15 volts.
• What happened when the learner reached 300 volts?


  The learner pounded on the wall and then gave no response to the next question.
• What was the response of the experimenter when the teacher inquired about what to do after the learner's silence?


  The experimenter gave a standard response that was not threatening.
• What percentage of participants continued to the maximum voltage of 450 volts?


  65% of participants continued to the maximum 450 volts.
• What did Milgram conclude about ordinary people and authority?


  Milgram concluded that ordinary people are astonishingly obedient to authority.
• What did Milgram suggest about the reasons for evil deeds committed by individuals?


  Milgram suggested that evil deeds are committed due to situational factors, not dispositional factors.
• What was the term used for the predictions made by psychiatrists and others before the experiment?


  This is called presumptive consent.
• What were the signs of extreme tension observed in participants during the study?


  Participants showed signs of extreme tension including sweating, trembling, groaning, and stuttering.
• How many participants stopped at 300 volts?


  Only five participants (12.5%) stopped at 300 volts.
• What type of data did Milgram collect based on observations?


  Qualitative data was collected based on observations of participants' behavior.
• How did Milgram's findings challenge the assumptions about people's behavior in authority situations?


  Milgram's findings challenged the assumption that most people would refuse to obey authority figures in harmful situations.
• What are the key components of Milgram's obedience study?


  • 40 male participants aged 20-50
  • Paid $4.50 for participation
  • Experiment on punishment and learning
  • Teacher-learner setup with electric shocks
  • Maximum voltage of 450 volts
  • 65% obeyed to the maximum voltage
  • Observed signs of tension in participants
• What are the implications of Milgram's study on obedience to authority?


  • Ordinary people can commit harmful acts under authority pressure
  • Situational factors influence obedience more than dispositional factors
  • Raises ethical concerns about psychological experiments
  • Highlights the need for informed consent and participant welfare
• What is a requirement for social influence studies?

  Some sort of deception
• Why can deception in social influence studies be justified?

  It can be justified if it serves the research purpose
• What did Milgram deceive his participants about in his study?

  He told them they were involved in a study of punishment on learning
• What right did Milgram deny his participants by using deception?

  The right to informed consent
• What did Milgram seek to obtain from psychiatrists before the study?

  Presumptive consent regarding expected levels of obedience
• What was the outcome of Milgram's study regarding participant distress?

  Many participants experienced extreme distress
• What did Diana Baumrind claim about Milgram's study?

  Milgram placed his participants under great emotional strain
• What was the result of the stress experienced by participants in Milgram's study?

  Some participants needed psychiatric treatment
• What did Milgram do to address participant distress after the study?

  All participants were debriefed
• What percentage of participants reported being glad they participated in Milgram's study?

  84%
• What did the APA conclude about Milgram's experiment after investigation?

  It was found to be ethically acceptable
• What is the definition of the agentic state in the context of obedience?

  It refers to obeying an order while handing over responsibility to an authority figure
• What does Milgram propose about obedience to destructive authority?

  It occurs because individuals do not take responsibility for their behavior
• What is the agentic shift according to Milgram?

  It is the transition from an autonomous state to an agentic state
• What are binding factors in the context of obedience?

  Social forces that keep individuals acting as agents of authority
• What are the differences between the agentic state and the autonomous state?

  • Agentic State: Fails to take responsibility, acts on behalf of authority.
  • Autonomous State: Feels free of influences, takes personal responsibility.
• What is a legitimate authority?

  A person perceived to be in a position of social control
• How does Milgram describe the power of legitimate authority?

  It stems from perceived position in a social situation