obedience

• What is the main topic discussed in the material?

  Obedience situational variables
• What does Milgram's research focus on?

  Factors influencing obedience levels
• What are the three situational variables studied by Milgram?

  Proximity, location, and uniform
• How do situational variables differ from personality factors?

  They relate to external circumstances
• What is proximity in the context of Milgram's study?

  • Closeness to the authority figure
  • Distance affects obedience levels
• What happens to obedience levels when the teacher and learner are in the same room?

  Obedience drops to 40%
• What is the obedience level when the teacher forces the learner's hand on the shock plate?

  Obedience drops to 30%
• What is the obedience level when instructions are given via telephone?

  Obedience drops to 20.5%
• How does location affect obedience in Milgram's study?

  Obedience falls to 47.5% in a rundown building
• What does the uniform symbolize in Milgram's original study?

  Authority of the experimenter
• What is the obedience level when the experimenter is replaced by a member of the public?

  Obedience drops to 20%
• What did Bickman's 1974 field experiment demonstrate?

  • Authority conveyed by uniforms
  • Security guard was obeyed twice as often
• What is a limitation of Milgram's variations regarding internal validity?

  Participants may have realized shocks weren't real
• What did Miranda's 1981 study find about obedience rates?

  Over 90% among Spanish students
• What is a limitation regarding the generalizability of Milgram's findings?

  Not tested in non-Western cultures
• What is a strength of Milgram's variations in terms of control of variables?

  Only one variable was altered at a time
• What does the obedience alibi suggest about situational explanations?

  It may trivialize personal responsibility
• What is the implication of saying Nazis were just obeying orders?

  It can offend Holocaust survivors
• What should students do when answering exam questions about situational variables?

  • Plan their answers
  • Address the question directly
  • Use real-life examples
• What is the recommended split for a 12-mark exam question?

  6 and 6 for AS, 4 and 8 for A-level
• What does the mark scheme suggest about using different sources in answers?

  It allows using information from various topics