Cold War

• When was the Yalta conference and what was agreed?

  • February 1945
  • J - Japan, Stalin join war against japan
  • U - United nations
  • P - Poland, government of Poland not agreed to have ‘free poles’ but other Eastern Europe can
  • Germany split into 4 zones
• what were the consequences of the Yalta conference?

  • Showed lack of agreement eg. over reparation process
  • showed Stalin wanted lots of land
• when was the Tehran Conference and what was agreed?

  • 1943
  • S - second front opened by Britain and USA
  • O- international Organisation set up
  • P- Poland, Stalin wanted to keep Poland but decision was out off
• what were the consequences of the Tehran Conference?


  • very good and beneficial for the USSR
  • Good relations - grand alliance formed
• When as the Potsdam conference and what was agreed?

  • July 1945
  • T - Territory, Germany split to 4 zones but economy run as a whole
  • R - Reparations from each territory, USSR had the poorest
  • A - atomic bomb tested without the acknowledgment of Stalin
  • P- Poland , Truman disagreed Stalin taking over Eastern Europe
• what were the consequences of the Potsdam conference?


  
  

  • no more common enemy
  • Increase tension , changing leaders, lack of trust with eachother
• when was the atomic bomb dropped, where and how many people died?

  • 6th August 1945
  • Truman dropped it over Hiroshima and Nagasaki
  • over 120,000
• what were the consequences of the atomic bomb dropping?

  • Soviets saw the USA as a great danger to the world
  • Stalin took control of more land between USSR and Germany as a 'buffer zone’
• describe the first telegram sent out and when?

  • 1946
  • Kennans Long telegram- sent a detailed telegram about the USSR's attitude towards the USA (that Stalin wanted disruption of (capitalism)
• what were the consequences of the Long telegram?


  • USA started 'containment'
  • which meant keeping communism in the Soviet only
• describe the second telegram and when was it?

  • 1946
  • Novikov telegram
  • sent by soviet diplomat, shows USA didn't trust USSR
  • showed that America is not afraid of war
• what were the consequences of the Novikov Telegram


  -Soviet felt the need to occupy more land for safety
• What was the iron curtain speech?


  Winston Churchill's speech when he said that Europe is divided by "an iron curtain" in 1946 , behind it was USSR controlled countries
• what were the consequences of the iron curtain speech


  -increased tension

  -both sides strengthened their forces
• why were satellite states made?

  • barrier between Germany and Soviet
  • showed power and strength
  • increase of communist influence
• name 5 satellite states and how/when

  • East Germany
  • Poland- 1947 as a communist government
  • Czechoslovakia- 1948 a communist government
  • Hungary - 1949
  • Romania- voted communist after intimidation
• What was the Truman Doctrine?

  • 12th March 1947
  • Truman announced he would provide economic help to countries being threatened by communism
  • promised 400 million dollars, sent US soldiers to Greece and Turkey
• what followed the Truman Doctrine? 


  • Marshall plan- gave 12.7 billion dollars between 1948-52
  • economic aid to countries hit by war in order to stop communism from taking over western Europe
  • offered money to satellite states, stalin refused
• What did Stalin call the Marshall Plan?


  • Dollar imperialism
  • He thought that it was a way of using USA wealth to divide Europe into two.
• what were the consequences of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan


  • friendly Grand Alliance now gone
  • USA in direct opposition to USSR
  • Europe divided into Western and East
• What was Cominform? When?


  1947- every Eastern Europe country was to follow Stalin's ordered, every country would have a cominform office
• what was Comecon? When?


  -1949

  -no Eastern Europe country could take money from the USA

  -there would be trade only between communist countries, communist party took over all industries
• what were the consequences of comecon and cominform?


  -increased tensions

  -made divide greater
• what was the Berlin Crisis and when?

  -March 1948

  -USA , Britain and France united their zones in Trizonia

  -they created a currency called Deutschmark
• what was the Berlin Blockade?


  -USSR blocked off any land route in and out of Berlin

  -this stopped food and essentials reaching west Berlin
• when and what was the Berlin Airlift?


  -June 1948 to May 1949

  -America flew in food and resources instead

  -there was a risk the planes might have been shot but it didnt happen

  -over 1000 tonnes of food flown in

  -After a year, Stalin removed the blockade
• what were the consequences of the Berlin Airlift?


  -made Stalin look weak

  -West proved they could success peacefully

  -3 days after, USA, Britain and France officially united
• When and what was NATO?


  -1949

  -Western powers eg USA Britain France and 9 others united

  -from 1949 American troops stationed in Europe
• When and what was the Warsaw Pact?


  -1955

  -all of Satellite States, lead by the Soviet Union

  -promised support
• Describe the 6 stages of the arms race

  -atomic bomb 1945

  -1949 soviets made their own

  -1950 American Hydrogen Bomb

  -1957 Soviet Hydrogen Bomb

  -USA ballistic missiles

  -2 months later, Soviets also had ballistic missiles
• what occurred under Khrushchev's leadership?

  • he openly criticises Stalin ‘de-stalinisation’ ,he suggests peace
  • the reasons as to why people had hope for peace:
  • both countries broke from arms race
  • Austria 1955 meeting had calmed tensions
• How did the Hungarian Uprising start?

  • Hungary didn’t like Soviet control
  • they couldn't vote, food shortages, their leader was brutal
  • Stalin died in 1953
• how did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?


  • Soviet agreed to some changes
  • tried to please them with a new leader Imre Nagy
• what did Imre Nagy follow?

  • wanted voting and democracy
  • asked for political prisoners to be freed
  • asked Khrushchev to remove political troops
• what happened in November 1956 and the consequences?

  • Nagy said that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
  • Khrushchev felt that other countries might follow and copy, destroying his buffer zone
• when and what was the soviet union invasion of Hungary?

  • 4th November 1956
  • Khrushchev sent in the red army, Hungarians fought back but America didnt help Hungary because of their containment policy and the risk
• what were the short term consequences of the Hungarian uprising

  -uprising failed

  -1000 Soviet tanks in Hungary

  -20,000 Hungarians killed

  -Nagy and his supporters executed
• what were the long term consequences?

  -Khrushchev seemed more powerful

  -new leader in Hungary

  -showed Eastern Europe that America wont help them, made the USA look weak
• what occurred in 1958?


  -3 million East Germans moved to West Germany

  -refugee problem
• what were the consequences of the refugee problem?

  -an embarrassment for Soviet Union

  -people openly choosing capitalism > communism